Towson PSYCH 101 Rosen Exam 1

What is Psychology?

What is Psychology?

The study of the mind and human behavior

Who created and contributed to the field?

Wundt

Who was Wundt

· The father of psychology
· The first to state that psychology is a science separate from biology and philosophy
· Had a large influence on American psychology
· Opened the first Psych ward
· First psychologist
· Introduced "Structuralism"

Who created and contributed to the field?

James

Who was James

· Student of Wundt
· Introduced the concept "Stream of Consciousness"
· First psych educator in the U.S.

Who created and contributed to the field?

John Watson

Who was John Watson

· Reward and punishment
· No regard to consciousness
· Study what can be observed and measured

Who created and contributed to the field?

Carl Rogers

Who was Carl Rogers

· Self-concept is an individual's knowledge of who he/she is

Who created and contributed to the field?

Maslow

Who was Maslow

A phycologist who developed Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Who created and contributed to the field?

Piaget

Who was Piaget?

· Cognition changes as we get older

What was Wundts unique perspectives on human psychology?

Structuralism

What was James unique perspective on human psychology?

Stream of Consciousness

What was Freud's unique perspectives on human psychology?

Psychoanalysis

What was Watsons Perspective on human psychology?

Behavioral

What were Rodgers and Maslow unique perspectives on human psychology?

Humanistic

Piaget's Perspective on human psychology

Cognitive

What was Darwins perspective on human psychology

Evolutionary

Define the Behavioral Psychological perspective

The environment effects human behavior

Define the Humanistic Psychological perspective

Personal choices and views of life circumstances determine human behavior

Define the Psychoanalytic Psychological perspective

Unconscious motives and childhood experiences that negatively impact development determine human behavior

Define the Cognitive Psychological perspective

Our thinking patterns and attitudes determine human behavior

Define the Evolutionary Psychological perspective

Adaptive behavioral patterns passed down from past generations determines human behavior

Define the Biological Psychological perspective

Internal bodily structures and biochemical processes determine human behavior

How does the Medical Model apply to Psychological Disorders?

1) List the symptoms
2) Identify syndrome
3) Make a diagnosis and a treatment plan

What is the DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

How does the DSM-V apply to Psychological Disorders?

Provides official definitions and criteria of diagnosing mental disorders and dysfunctions

What are the signs and symptoms of
Anxiety

Chronic troublesome feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety
· Heart racing
· Gastroenterological issues

What are the signs and symptoms of Mood

Emotional disturbances and/or dysregulation

What is the Medical Model and how does it view Psychological Disorders?

"A set of procedures in which all doctors are trained"
Disorders have an organic or physical cause (Issue in brain structure/function)

Generalized Anxiety Disorders

High levels of anxiety not tied to any specific threat

Phobic Disorder

Persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger

Panic Disorder

Recurrent attacks of sudden and unexpected overwhelming anxiety

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted obsessions and compulsions
· Thoughts and uncontrollable behaviors

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event
· Nightmares or daymares
· Flashbacks
· Emotional numbing

Major Depressive Disorder

· Profound sadness
· Feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness
· Loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure
Slowed thought processes

Bipolar Disorder

Manic episodes accompanied by periods of depression

Schizophrenic Disorders

· Severe thought disturbances
· Effects perceptual, social, and emotional processes
Delusions
· Irrational, disjointed thought processes
Hallucinations
· Perceptual distortions, auditory being most common

Anorexia

Intense fear of gaining weight due to a distorted body image

Bulimia

Out of control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts

Binge-eating

Distress inducing eating binges not accompanied by compensatory efforts

Insight Therapies

Helps patient understand how their feelings, beliefs, actions, and events from the past are influencing their current mindset

Behavioral Therapies

Uses behavioral approaches to eliminate unwanted behaviors

Biomedical Therapies

Physiological interventions that focus on the reduction of symptoms associated with psychological disorders

How successful are the treatments?

Antipsychotic drugs: 70% of patients respond (the more severe the illness, the more positive effect)
Insight Therapy: The longer the treatment, the more successful

Who is most likely to seek treatment?

15% of the population
Most common presenting problems: Anxiety and Depression

What are historical and cultural factors regarding treatment of Psychological Disorders?

· Psychoanalysis: the original insight therapy and was devised over 100 years ago
· Systematic Desensitization: Original behavioral therapy
· Aversion Therapy: Most controversial behavior therapy
· Electroconvulsive Therapy: 1940's and 50's

Psychoanalysis

Investigates the interaction of consciousness and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts to the unconscious mind through free association and dream interpretation

Cognitive Behavior Treatment

Challenges and changes unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviors to improve emotional regulation and develop personal coping strategies to solve current problems

group therapy

A group of patients meet to describe and discuss their problems together under supervision of a therapist

Couples Therapy

Attempts to improve romantic relationships and resolve interpersonal conflicts

Family Therapy

Works with families to nurture change and development

Systematic Desensitization

Remove the fear response of a phobia and substitute it with a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning

Aversion Therapy

Aversive stimulus paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response

Drug Therapy

Treats psychological disorders with medications
· Usually combined with other kinds of psychotherapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electric shock used to produce a cortical seizure

Deinstitutionalization

The process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with a mental disorder or developmental disability

Multi-cultural Treatment

Acknowledges cultural differences and helps patients understand how family and cultural factors influence your perception of yourself and the world around you

why do we study Human Behavior

To help us understand ourselves and our world (Why do we do the things we do)

How do we study Human Behavior?

The Scientific Method

What are some challenges with studying Human Behavior?

· Correlation does not mean causation
· Some important variables cannot be studied with experiments
· Sampling/experimenter bias

How do we assure the most effective and ethical research designs?

· Random Assignment
· Double-blind studies
· Approval from IRB

What are the Goals of the Scientific Method?

1) Measure and describe (What is the issue being studied?)
2) Understand and predict (What do we know/can we expect?)
3) Apply and control (How can we use this info in a proactive and helpful way?)

What are the Steps in a Scientific Investigation/Method?

1) Pose a question
2) Develop a hypothesis
3) Test the hypothesis
4) Draw conclusions
5) Report the results
6) Replication

What are the Basic Elements of an Experimental Design?

· Experimental group
· Control group
· Independent variable
· Dependent variable

Positive Correlation

When two variables are moving in the same direction (r = +1.0)

Negative Correlation

When two variables are moving in opposite directions (r = -1.0)

Naturalistic Observation

Research method involves observing subjects in their natural habitat

Case Study

Obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon (can use a variety techniques)

Survey

Data collection tool used to gather info about individuals

Sampling Bias

Errors that can occur in research studies by not selecting participants properly

Representative Sample

a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole

Placebo Effect

Phenomenon when people experience a benefit after receiving an inactive substance or sham treatment

Experimenter Bias

When the experimenter introduces bias by subtly expressing expectations about the outcome to the participants

Double Blind Studies

When neither the participant or the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment (prevents bias in results, placebo effect, and experimenter bias)

Institutional Review Board

A committee of individuals often made up of members of the institutions admin, scientists, and community. They review proposals for research that involves human participants to ensure experiment is ethical.

Informed Consent

A from that describes what participants can expect in the study, includes risk, and implications of the research. Ensures that all data collected will be confidential

Debriefing

the postexperimental explanation of a study, Honest info about the purpose of experiment, how data collected will be used, how to obtain additional info on the study

Animal Research

Using animals for research that would be unethical in human participants