Bio paper 2 pre exam panic

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239 Terms

1
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What is the main function of the kidneys?

To filter blood and remove waste products like urea.

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What is urea?

A waste product formed from the breakdown of amino acids in the liver.

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What is selective reabsorption?

The reabsorption of useful substances like glucose, ions and water in the kidney.

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What is ultrafiltration?

The process of filtering blood under high pressure in the glomerulus of the kidney.

5
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What does the Bowman's capsule do?

It collects the filtrate from the glomerulus in the nephron.

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What is the role of the nephron?

To filter blood and reabsorb useful substances.

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What hormone controls water reabsorption in the kidney?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

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Where is ADH released from?

The pituitary gland.

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What does ADH do?

Increases the permeability of kidney tubules to reabsorb more water.

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What happens to ADH levels when you're dehydrated?

They increase to conserve water.

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What is dialysis?

A process to remove waste and excess substances from the blood when kidneys fail.

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How often is dialysis usually required?

Several times a week.

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One disadvantage of dialysis?

It is time-consuming and expensive.

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What is a kidney transplant?

Replacing a failed kidney with a healthy donor kidney.

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Why are immunosuppressants used after a transplant?

To prevent rejection of the new kidney.

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One advantage of a kidney transplant?

Allows a more normal life and is cheaper in the long term.

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What does adrenaline do?

Increases heart rate, boosts oxygen and glucose supply to the brain and muscles.

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Where is adrenaline produced?

Adrenal glands.

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What does thyroxine do?

Regulates metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

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What is negative feedback?

A mechanism that returns internal conditions to normal.

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What is FSH and what does it do?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone – stimulates egg maturation and oestrogen production.

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What is LH and what does it do?

Luteinising Hormone – triggers ovulation.

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What is IVF?

In vitro fertilisation – fertilisation of eggs outside the body.

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One disadvantage of IVF?

Emotionally and physically stressful with low success rate.

25
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What is a fertility drug?

A drug containing FSH and LH to stimulate egg release.

26
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What hormone maintains the uterus lining?

Progesterone.

27
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What is auxin?

A plant hormone that controls growth towards light and gravity.

28
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What is phototropism?

Growth of a plant in response to light.

29
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What is gravitropism?

Growth of a plant in response to gravity.

30
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Where is auxin produced?

In the tips of shoots and roots.

31
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What is ethene used for in agriculture?

To control fruit ripening.

32
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What is gibberellin used for?

To stimulate seed germination and increase fruit size.

33
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What is thermoregulation?

Maintaining a constant internal body temperature.

34
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What detects temperature change in the body?

The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus.

35
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What happens to blood vessels during vasodilation?

They widen to increase blood flow and lose heat.

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What happens to blood vessels during vasoconstriction?

They narrow to reduce blood flow and retain heat.

37
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Why do we sweat?

To lose heat through evaporation.

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What response occurs when we're too cold?

Shivering to generate heat.

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Why do hairs stand up when cold?

To trap a layer of insulating air.

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What is a normal human body temperature?

Around 37°C.

41
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What is a genetic disorder?

A disease caused by faulty alleles of genes.

42
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What type of allele causes cystic fibrosis?

A recessive allele.

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What type of allele causes polydactyly?

A dominant allele.

44
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What does it mean to be a carrier of a genetic disorder?

Has one faulty allele but does not show symptoms.

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What is embryo screening?

Testing embryos for genetic disorders.

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One advantage of embryo screening?

Reduces chance of inherited disease.

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One ethical concern of embryo screening?

May lead to selection of traits or loss of embryos.

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What is PGD?

Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis – screening embryos during IVF.

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What is a Punnett square?

A diagram to predict genetic outcomes from crosses.

50
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What does a family tree show?

How genetic conditions are inherited across generations.

51
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In a genetic diagram, what do capital letters represent?

Dominant alleles.

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In a genetic diagram, what do lowercase letters represent?

Recessive alleles.

53
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What is a genotype?

The combination of alleles an individual has.

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What is a phenotype?

The characteristics expressed by those alleles.

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What is homozygous?

Having two of the same alleles.

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What is heterozygous?

Having two different alleles.

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What did Gregor Mendel study?

Inheritance in pea plants.

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What was Mendel’s key discovery?

That characteristics are inherited through dominant and recessive factors.

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Why was Mendel’s work not accepted at first?

Genes and DNA had not yet been discovered.

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How did later scientists validate Mendel’s ideas?

Through understanding of chromosomes and DNA.

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What is genetic engineering?

Modifying an organism's DNA to include desired traits.

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What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

An organism with altered genes from another species.

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One example of a GM crop?

Golden rice or herbicide-resistant maize.

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One advantage of GM crops?

Higher yields or added nutrients.

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One concern about GM crops?

Potential effects on health or biodiversity.

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What is adult cell cloning?

Creating a genetically identical organism from an adult cell.

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What are the steps in adult cell cloning?

Remove nucleus, insert into empty egg, stimulate with electricity.

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What is the role of an electric shock in cloning?

Triggers cell division.

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What is a clone?

An organism genetically identical to another.

70
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What is tissue culture?

Growing tiny pieces of plants in sterile conditions.

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One benefit of tissue culture?

Rapid production of identical plants.

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What is a use of plant cloning in agriculture?

To produce disease-resistant or high-yield crops.

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What are the ethical issues of cloning animals?

Reduced variation and animal welfare concerns.

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What is protein synthesis?

The process of making proteins from DNA instructions.

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What molecule carries the code from DNA to ribosome?

mRNA.

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Where does protein synthesis occur?

In the ribosomes.

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What do ribosomes use to assemble proteins?

Amino acids.

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What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes and matches the mRNA codons.

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What is the relationship between genes and proteins?

Genes code for specific proteins.

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Why are proteins important?

They control cell structure, enzymes, hormones and more.

81
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What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

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What three conditions does homeostasis regulate?

Temperature, water level, and blood glucose level.

83
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What is a receptor?

A cell that detects stimuli.

84
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What is an effector?

A muscle or gland that carries out a response.

85
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What are the main parts of the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, sensory and motor neurons.

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What is the role of the CNS?

Processes information and coordinates responses.

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What is a synapse?

The gap between two neurons where chemicals transfer impulses.

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What is a reflex?

A fast, automatic response to a stimulus.

89
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Give an example of a reflex.

Pulling your hand away from something hot.

90
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What is the correct order of the reflex arc?

Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neuron → Relay neuron → Motor neuron → Effector → Response

91
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What is the endocrine system?

A system of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.

92
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What is the master gland?

The pituitary gland.

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Name 3 glands in the endocrine system.

Pituitary, pancreas, adrenal.

94
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What hormone does the pancreas produce?

Insulin.

95
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What does insulin do?

Lowers blood glucose levels.

96
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What does glucagon do?

Raises blood glucose levels.

97
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What is type 1 diabetes?

A condition where the pancreas doesn’t produce insulin.

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How is type 1 diabetes treated?

Insulin injections.

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What is type 2 diabetes?

A condition where the body stops responding to insulin.

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How is type 2 diabetes managed?

With diet, exercise, and sometimes medication.