productions final

layout planning

determining the best physical arrangement of resources within a facility

process layouts

grouping similar things together; general purpose and flexible resources, low capital intensity and little automation, high labor intensity, slower processing

product layout

desinged to produce specific product efficiently; utilizing specialized equipment to make large volumes of one or more products, efficiency, and specialized equipment, widespread use of automation

using specialized eqipument to transport wip to different operations

product layout

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uses general purpose and flexible with low capital intensity and automation

process layout

hybrid layouts

combine beneficial elements of both layouts by maintaining efficiencies of product layouts and flexibility of process layouts

fixed position layout

product cannot be moved, uses project management

office layout

minimizes the cost of information flow

warehouse layout

focuses on both material handling and ease of access

retail layout

requires 3d thinking, has implications for customer flow and gross profit

newport news shipbuilding company is building a new aircraft carrier for the navy

fixed postion

lawn boy has metal forming and fabrication equipment organized in departments but utilizes special lines to assemble the product

hybrid layout

maximum output rate

available time / sum of elemental times

if forecasted demand is greater than max output

assembly line with work stations

takt time

available demand / forecast demand

max bottleneck output

available time / bottleneck task timeb

bottleneck time

longest elemental time in the series

balking

arriving customer chooses not to enter a queue becuase its already too long

renegaging

when a customer already in queue goves up and exits without being serviced

jockeying

when a customer switches back and forth between alternate queues in an effort to reduce time wating

servers

multiple phase systems requires customers to visit more than one server

job design

the process of specifying contents for the job

job design requirementws

purpose, duties and responsibilites, and required credentials

technical feasibility

describes whether the job is within physical and mental capabilities for the average worker

economic feasibility

indicates whether the cost of doing the job is less than its added value to the product or service

behaviroal feasibility

describes whether the job is intrinsically satisfying

why switch to automation

safety and risk of injury to workers, monotonus, degree of precision, complexity of task, need for empathy, compassion or other emotional elements

job enlargement

increasing scope of work assigned to a job, enhancing the pride of work and sense of accomplishment of the worker, significant contribution to the product

job enrichment

increases level of responsibility for work planning or inspection, increasing sense of control and pride

job rotation

shifts a worker through several jobs to increase understanding of total process, gives job variety, reduces boredom, and reduces repetitive motion risks

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use of teams

increase sense of partnership and can involve small groups

time study

how long does it take to do it the best way

method analysis

whats the best way to do something

standard time

length of time of a qualified worker working at a normal pace following the appropriate SOP using the correct tools and procedure will take to complete a job

normal time

actual length of time to complete a job adjusted by a performance rating factor

standard time

includes additional allowances that occur within an average work dat

work sampling

used to evaluate the time in various job activities when the job is not repetitive

individual systems

time based salary vs output based incentive systems

group incentives

profit sharing and gain sharing

raw materials

coal stockpile at coal company

components

sparkplugs, wires, clips, bolts

WIP

lawnmowers partially assembled on assembly line

finished goods

televisions crated and packed at a warehouse

distribution inventory

nissan motors has orders on a ship from japan

maintenance, repair, and operating supplies

lubricating oils, bathroom supplies, and metal stock for repairs

inventory turnover n

sales / inventory

which is the hardest cost to measure

shortage costs

lot for lot

order exactly whats needed

fixed order quanity

order a predetermined amount each time m

min max system

when inventory falls to a set minimum level, order up to max levekl

periodic review

at specified intervals, order up to target level

reorder point

daily demand \* lead time

paretos law

use of abc classification

high volume operations

fixed routings, easy identifiable bottlenecks, line balancing

low volume operations

job shop operations that are designed for flexibiliy, each product or service have have its own routing

infinite loading

ignores capacity contraints and loads the stations based on total demand at that station

finite loading

allows work to be assined at a station only when there is capacity

forward scheduling

demonstrates the amount of slippage that can be allowed and not be late on the project

theory of constraints

eli goldratt - optimized production technology

demand management

appontments and reservations, posted availability, delayed service or backlog

managing service capacity

staff for peak demand, floating employees or on call, temp, seasonal or part time employees

project

an endeavor with multiple activities with defined precedence relationships

activities

specific tasks that must be completed and that require resources

precedence relationships

a natural order between activities, where some tasks must be completed before others can begin

project life cycle

initiation, planning, execution, and closing

agile project management

time is most valuable resource