Untitled Flashcards Set

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate made up of repeating monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar molecule.

Glycosidic bonds

The bonds that link monosaccharides together to form polysaccharides.

Polar molecules

Molecules with an unequal charge distribution, often soluble in water.

Nonpolar molecules

Molecules with an equal charge distribution, not soluble in water.

Hydroxyl group

A functional group (-OH) found in carbohydrates and alcohols.

Hexoses

6-carbon sugars with the general formula C₆H₁₂O₆; examples include glucose and fructose.

Pentoses

5-carbon sugars with the formula C₅H₁₀O₅; examples include ribose and deoxyribose.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins that contain an amino group, carboxyl group, and unique R-group.

Dipeptide

A molecule formed from two amino acids linked by a peptide bond.

Hydrophobic

Referring to molecules like lipids that do not dissolve in water.

Saturated fats

Fats with no double bonds, usually solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fats

Fats with one or more double bonds, typically liquid at room temperature.

Nucleotide

The monomer unit of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base.

Purines

Nucleotide bases with a double-ring structure; includes adenine (A) and guanine (G).

Pyrimidines

Nucleotide bases with a single-ring structure; includes cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

Ocular lens

Part of a microscope that magnifies the image, usually 10x.

Objective lenses

Microscope components that provide different levels of magnification.

Eukaryotic cells

Complex cells that contain organelles and a nucleus.

Cell wall

A rigid outer structure present in plant cells providing support.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Isotonic solution

A solution where solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell.

Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration outside the cell causing it to swell.

Hypertonic solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell causing it to shrink.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Calibration Factor

The known scale on a stage micrometer used to determine cell size.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions within an organism.