AP exam 1

Main parts of a human cell

Cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

epithelial cell function

barrier cells

polygonal cells

duct( secreting) cells

Stellate star shaped cell

Cell bodies of neurons

integral proteins

spread the width of the membrane ( transmembrane)

Transporters

allow specific molecules to cross

Channels

small tunnels that allow water, ions, or hydrophilic small
molecules (size restricted) to diffuse across
cell membranes

receptors

bind signaling molecules to
initiate a response in the cell

peripheral protein

only binds one side of the membrane

What is the glycocalyx?

A sticky, sugar-rich coating outside the cell wall in bacteria (and outside the plasma membrane in animal cells), made of polysaccharides and/or glycoproteins.

What are the two main forms of bacterial glycocalyx?

• Capsule → organized, firmly attached

• Slime layer → loose, irregular, easily removed

What are the main functions of the glycocalyx in animal cells?

• Cell recognition (immune interactions)

• Cell adhesion (tissue structure)

• Protection (like a sugar coat around the membrane)

Messenger RNA mRNA

• single strand copy of DNA

• allows info to travel out of the nucleus to the ribosomes

tansfer RNA tRNA

• carries amino acid building blocks with the RNA code

• matches three ketter sequence on mRNA strand

plasma

fluif portiod of blood

diffusion

movement of molecules from high concentration → lower concentration

ribosomal RNA

• facilitates translaton

• matches mRNA with tRNA

What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Protein synthesis and modification (especially secreted, membrane, and lysosomal proteins).

Why is the rough ER called “rough”

Because ribosomes are attached to its cytoplasmic surface, giving it a rough appearance under a microscope.

what influences the rate of diffustion

temperature: warmer solution = faste diffusion

size: smaller = faster diffustion

Magnitude of gradient: bigger gradient = faster diffusion

What are the main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

• Lipid and steroid synthesis

• Detoxification of drugs/poisons

• Calcium storage (especially in muscle cells as sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which organelle is abundant in cells that secrete proteins (like plasma cells or pancreatic cells)?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Which organelle is abundant in cells that produce lipids or detoxify (like liver cells or steroid hormone-producing cells)?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus function

prepares proteins for export

Osmosis

passive movement of water

t or F: osmosis occurs in the opposite direction of diffusion

true

tonicity

differences in osmolality btwn fluid compartments

osmolality

how concentrated the solutes are in a solution

ex: how salty/ sugary water is

hypotonic

one side has fewer solutes (more water)

hypertonic

: one side has more solutes (less water

isotonic:

Equal solute concentration on both sides of the membrane.

In osmosis, which way does water move?

Toward the hypertonic side (the side with more solutes).

Dehydration

patient has high osmolality in its cells; needs water influx to balance

hyponatremia

low concntration of sodium in blood ( overhydration)

simple diffusion

some molecules move freely

movement of molecules btwn compartments down thier concentration gradient without the aid of a transporter o a channel

facilitated diffusion

most molecules require a transport or channel protein

• can be passive or active

carrier proteins

trnsportation of specific molecules

aquaporins

channel proteins that facilitate rapid water transport across cell membranes, especially important wjen cells need to balance osmotic differences

T or F: channel proteins allow the diffusion of charged molecules

true

types of gates on channel proteins

• voaltge

• ligand

• mechanical

T or F: potssium has a high concentation outside the cell

False

T or F: Na+ and Cl- have high concentrations outside the cell

True

Humans are about __% water

60%

T or F: 2/3 of water is intracellular fluid

true

1/3 of water in body is extracellular fluid

True

Electrolytes

molecules that generate an electrical current

when do electrolytes create energy

as they cross the cell membrane

four main classes of macromolecules in human cells

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

T or F: only carboydrates have a carbon foundation

false, all macromolecules have a carbon base / foundation

CArbohydrate function

used to create energy (ATP), DNA base, and structural modification

monosaccharide examples

• glucose

• fructose

• galactose

dissacharide examples

• sucrose ( glucose + fructose)

• lactose (glucose + galactose)

• Maltose ( glucose + glucose)

glycogen

branched chains of glucose stored in the uscles of th liver

glycogenisis

release of stored glucose from glycogen

Starch

plant- stored brancjed glucose chains

• plants store glucose as starch for rapid use

glucosidases

enzymes that hydrolyze carbs to break apart

polysaccharides are broken down by?

Amylase

T or F: Disaccharides can be absorbed by the body

False, the bod can only absorb monosacc.

5 types of lipids

• fatty acid

• triglycerides

• phospholipids

• steroids

• eicosanoids

Saturated fat

chain fully saturated w/ hydrogen

• found in animal fats/ lard

• solid at room temp. ( butter)

unsaturated fat

not fully saturated chain, some carbon have double bond

• found in plants ( flexible)

• luquid at room temp ( olive oil)

Triglyceride ( neutral fats)

effecitent storage of fat within the body

• 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

waht does it mean for a phospholipid to be ampiphatic

head of lipid LOVES water

tail of lipid HATES water

steroids definition andfunction

non polar signaling homones

• important to make bile; based on cholesterol

eicosanoid defintion and function

non protein signaling molecule

• involved in inflammation, immune signaling, wound healing and allergy response

what type of meds attack eicosanoids

ibuprofen, NSAIDS, aspirin

Arachadonic acid

faatty acid in celll membrane

structural proteins

stable/ rigid protein that support the shape of cells and tissues

fibrous protein examples

• collagen ( connective tissue)

• keratin ( hair, skin, nails)

• fibrin ( blood clots)

contractile proteins fucntion

allow muscles and cells to physically move

• actin/ myosin

enzymes

facilitatie chemical and biological reactions

• anabolic and catabolic rxns

transport proteins

moves molecules across membranes

What process breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm?

Glycolysis

How many ATP are produced by glycolysis?

Net 2 ATP (per glucose)

What high-energy electron carriers are made during glycolysis?

2 NADH

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Mitochondrial matrix

How many ATP are produced directly by the Krebs cycle?

2 ATP (per glucose)

What electron carriers are produced in the Krebs cycle?

6 NADH and 2 FADH₂