business programming final

The introduction of _ completely radicalized the ability to store and analyze data.

computers

Which type of chart should be used to display categorical data?

Bar chart

A survey asks students to enter a number indicating type of pet: for cat, for dog, for both cat and dog, for other, and for none. Indicate the type of data.

Nominal

The temperature across the surface of the sun is an example of a variable, while the number of pets in a household is an example of a variable.

continuous, discrete

which of the following statements involve inferential statistics as opposed to descriptive statistics?

A local fast food restaurant estimates that the average waiting time in the drive-thru is 89 seconds.

A quality manager at Greatyear took a sample of 500 automobile tires and found a defect rate of 0.06%. The 0.06% is a ____

Statistic

A selection of 30 employees at a large company is a .

Sample

The proportion of eligible voters in the United States that voted in the 2022 election is a .

Parameter

Doctors observe that patients often underreport alcohol use due to fear of being judged, which is an example of .

social desirability bias

What is the primary goal of data visualization?

To inform a viewer about pertinent information

What type of chart should be used to display data with high cardinality?

Histogram

A _ would be a good way to visualize a child's growth over ten years

Line chart

Which type of data structure maps the names of family members to their ages, birthdays, and current addresses?

dictionary

The matplotlib.pyplot library is commonly aliased as while pandas is aliased as .

plt, pd

To avoid meaningless graphs when plotting data, always and include .

label the x and y axes, a title

When visualizing data, why choose a bar chart instead of a pie chart?

Length differences are easier to compare than size differences.

What is the main benefit of a line graph to the reader?

A line graph quickly displays trends in numerical data, such as increasing or decreasing values over time

Which runtime error type occurs when trying to convert "abc" to an integer?

Value error

The mean of the dataset 5, 7, 8, 9, 7, 10 is:

7.67

In descriptive statistics, which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?

standard deviation

What does variance measure?

How data points differ from the mean

In an instruction like: Z = X + Y, the symbols X, Y, and Z are example of ?

variables

A histogram is a graphical depiction of frequency or relative frequency of a set of _ data.

continuous

Consider the following program:

t = 15

t = t * 2

t = t + 1

t = t - 4

print (t)

What does the program produce as output?

27

Which function converts a string to an integer?

int()

Dividing by zero is an example of which type of error?

runtime

Which of the following best describes the standard deviation?

Measure of how spread out the values are

In Excel, the frequency of letter grades A, B, C, D for 10 students is shown in a clustered column chart. Which axis should represent the letter grades?

x-axis

Which of the following is true about the standard deviation?

it can never be negative

The median of the dataset 5, 7, 8, 9, 7, 10 is:

7.5

A student scores 60, 70 and 80 on her exams. If the weights are 1, 1 and 2 respectively, her weighted average score is?

72.5

The mode of the dataset 5, 7, 8, 9, 7, 10 is:

7

If textline = "one fish two fish", what is the value of textline[6]?

"s"

Which of the following statements produces an error? Assume string1 = "abc" and string2 = "123".

string_1[1] = "B"

Which of the following statements about my_list is false?

my_list = ["JFK", "LAX", "MIA"]

The element at index 1 is "JFK"

What is the output?

mylist = [2, 8, 3, 1, 18, 5] print(mylist[3] + my_list[1] * 2)

17

Which statement removes the last element of my_list?

mylist.pop(len(mylist)-1)

Which method call returns the number of elements in my_list?

len(my_list)

Which statement is true regarding the pop() method for sets?

pop() removes a random item in the set.

Which of the following statements removes the value "Google" from the set, companies?

companies = { "Apple", "Microsoft", "Google", "Amazon" }

companies.remove("Google")

What values are in result_set after the following code is run?

myset = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} otherset = {2, 4, 6} resultset = myset.union(other_set)

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

What values are in result_set after the following code is run?

myset = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} otherset = {2, 4, 6} resultset = otherset.difference(my_set)

{}

Which statement changes the value associated with key "Lemon" to 0.75 in the dictionary fruits_dict?

fruits_dict["Lemon"] = 0.75

Which pair shows the correct classification of the given data type?

string, immutable sequence type

Which data type is the correct choice to store the number of wins associated with each basketball team in the NBA?

dictionary

Which of the following expressions causes an implicit conversion between types? Assume variable x is an integer, t is a float, and name is a string.

7.5 + (x / 2)

What is the value of: 1 + int(3.5) / 2?

2.5

List difference of List, Tuple, Set, and Dictionary in Python.

A list is characterized by [ ] and is ordered, mutable and can contain duplicate elements.

A tuples is characterized by ( ) and is ordered, immutable, and can contain duplicate elements. To make changes to a tuple it must first be chaged into a list.

A set is characterized by { } and is unordered, immutable and cannot contain duplicate elements. A set is useful for checking membership.

A dictionary is characterized by {"key":"value"} and is ordered, mutuable, and contains key-value pairs.

What is the result of the expression: int("1750.0")?

an error: the string does not represent an interger value

What is the correct order for the five-step process in the data science life cycle?

Gathering data, Cleaning data, Exploring data, Modeling data, Interpreting data

In data science, which describes the process of exploring data?

Create data visualizations and calculate summary statistics to explore potential relationships in the dataset.

Which of the following would be considered unstructured data?

A sample of 50 emails sent from the customer service center of a retailer.

Which of the following scenarios is appropriate for a regression model?

predicting the gas mileage of a vehicle

Which best describes the package pandas?

Provides methods and classes for tabular and time-series data

Jupyter is convenient for testing, presenting, and sharing code, because contain code, output, and text all in one place.

notebooks

Artificial intelligence is the development and use of algorithms and models to _.

mimic human thought

Deep learning is a class of models _.

with millions or more parameters

Output generated from artificial intelligence _.

may contain inaccuracies or errors

What is generative AI?

AI that creates new content based on patterns learned

What is a primary function of an LLM?

generate human like text

GPT is a

transformer nueral network architecture

A ___ is able to perform reasoning on multiple types of information

multimodal model

in a conversation between a user and an AI chatbot, __

the context is a sequence of requests and responses prior to the current request

Which of the following techniques trains an existing AI model with additional information?

fine-tuning

In RAG, external resources are _ before being added to the system.

chunked and embedded

_ occurs when artificial intelligence systems result in unfair outcomes.

algorithmic bias

Hallucinations occur when large language models produce _ output.

innacurate or nonsensical

A radiologist uses a program to provide a second opinion on the identification of abnormalities in imaging scans. The program uses algorithmic techniques to compare input images to labeled imaging scan datasets that were previously processed by the program. This is an example of _.

machine learning

A machine learning method that is trained on labeled data is considered a(n) _ method.

supervised

_ are values that are very different from the rest of the feature values.

outliers

One distinctive feature of an AI agent is _.

autonomy

Which of the following techniques is suitable for building a system that handles rapidly changing information?

RAG

When a chatbot app sends an API request to an AI model, the chatbot app is the and the AI model is the .

client, server