develop 4

understanding family as system

Parents influence children but children also influence parents (Reciprocal relationships)

constantly evolving- due to cognitive capacities changing (e.g Parents realizing how completed most of their life is and stressing)

It is complex social system, and you have to look at family the same way a doctor looks at a body- by taking everything that could be affecting it into account

affected by community and culture

Parents influence children directly and indirectly

Parents directly influence

Physical violent= future violent adults

Parents indirectly influence

watching parents fight= how the children believe a marriage should be

Goal of parenting

Socialization

Long term goal : internalization of self-control or conscience

Socialization

Process by which children acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviors needed to be competent members of groups and their society.

What are the dimensions of parenting

Warmth

Control

no

Is it possible to go overboard with the warmth dimension

Warmth (acceptance-responsiveness)

How warm you are as parents.

Positive reinforcement

Responsiveness

Expression of positive regard

Positive reinforcement

“You did well, so I will verbally tell you”

\-NOT GIFT GIVING

Responsiveness

Helping them solve problems in a developmental way.

“What do you need, I will work with you, but not for you”

Expression of positive emotion

“ I don’t just love you because you did so well on the Exam, I’d love you this much regardless.”

Why aren’t parents warm towards their children

They weren’t raised with warm parents themselves

parents suffering from depression

also thinking that not being warm will toughen them up

Control (demandingness)

Setting high standards, training children to meet them.

consistent enforcement of rules

open communication- showing kids respect

situation management- don’t put them in a situation where can cause an undesired actions

No power assertion

Power assertion

Corporal punishment, which is physical punishment, is known as _______ _______

Convention on the rights of the child 1989

to protect children from neglect

provide health care

protect children from abuse

Development consequences of spanking

the brain does not develop

leads to aggressive behavior

verbal abuse causes stress and health problems

slower learning and less vocab

How parents should discipline children

Try to reward good behavior

time out (as many minutes they are as old)

praise them for being good

explain why a behavior isn’t valued

“I was spanked but turned out fine”

It can still be harmful, like how when they use to not have car seats

why is spanking ineffective

teaching them to not get caught rather than not doing it

doesn’t socialize children to have a conscious

teaches children that violence is expectable

modeling: we model behavior.

Parenting styles

Authoritarian

Authoritative

Permissive

Neglectful

Authoritarian

Low on warmth and high on control

Authoritative

High in warmth and High in Control

Permissive

high in warmth and low in control

Neglectful

low in warmth and control

Authoritarian outcome

Average academic performance and social skills, conforming. Lower self control

Authoritative outcomes

High self-esteem, academic achievement, social skills, and moral/prosocial concern

permissive outcomes

Poor self-control, academic achievements are poor, more drug use

Neglectful outcomes

Aggressive, selfish, rebellious, more prone to deviant acts (probably for attention)

some factors that influence parenting style

Family stress

Culture and ethnicity

gender isn’t one though

Family stress model

Economic harships or family economic pressure

= Low income, instable employment, many depts, jobloss

poor families tend to be more authoritarian, controlling style

socialization goal obedience

Culture and ethnicity

Authoritative reflects middle class white values

applicable to WEIRD cultures

Authoritative more prevalent European American

Asian American parents

Authoritarian, but white people consider them harsh

prenatal desire for obedience= parental concern

“chiao shun”- be moral and respect elders. “guan” to govern (positive)

Emotional expressions

____________ __ Varies by culture. For example weird people are emotional.

School success

\---------- ------- is of great importance because it shows parental investment

Always

Authoritative ------ Associated with positive outcomes (in America)

Authoritarian

Being -------- is more detrimental to EA (white kids)

Mothers are more sensitive?

If they are, it is due to stereotype

No evidence sex chromosome= parenting genes

Mothers do have more time and care for child

Sexual orientation

\------ ------ is not determined by a parent being gay or straight

Golombok and colleagues

Measures: survey’s, observations

parenting: warmth, sensitivity, discipline

child outcomes: externalizing issues, hyperactivity, aggressive behavior

Results: Gay fathers more sensitive and responsive

Gay fathers- less stress, more responsive

anyone can be a good parent

Short term consequences of divorce

Period of crisis and reorganization

Conduct (Acting out, potty accidents) and relationship with father

School achievements, psychological adjustment, self concept, and go down

Peer relationships not harmed

Why there is relationship problems with dad after divorce

Usually, mom get the custody, and the dads try to be “cool” and passive and get the kids what ever they want. the mother could be seen as the bad guy

long term consequences of divorce on development

Relationship with mother improves

grades look better and kids go back to how it was

relationship with father improve dramatically over time

poor academic adjustment, psychological, and social norms

Theories of the impact of divorce

Parental absence causes child to loose emotional and practical support

Economic hardship

Family conflict

factors associated with impact of divorce

Childs age

child’s gender doesn’t matter

custody

coping strategies

infant during divorce

they don’t understand/ don’t remember

Child during divorce

sensitive time understanding divorce, might think it is their fault or doesn’t understand why their parent would do this

Adolescents during divorce

They have perspective skills and can realize this divorce has nothing to do with them

Emerging adult during divorce

they are living on their own, so divorce it doesn’t affect them

impact of remarriage on development

Having a parent who isn’t related to them can disrupt the development

age for problems with remarriage

early adolescents (12-13 years) Because of hormonal changes, and it is awkward for them to think about their parent - usually having sex. could also be because they want autonomy and new parent isn’t giving it

tips for step fathers

step lightly

be interested but don’t interfere with established routines

once you’ve established they can trust you, you can make rules

Girls vs. Boys with step father

Boys benefit vs. girls view stepfathers as a threat to relationship with mother

Father-stepmother families

Less common

mother who doesn’t have custody is till seen very often

mothers would also feel like they are getting replaced.

Emergence of crowds

Reputation based entities; Stereotypes.

you can be in more than one

1/3 of kids might not fit but 2/3 do

Appearance; activities

they do not have to be friends

Example's (jock, nerds, druggies)

Prestige

socioeconomic status

Prestige

You might be in a more powerful position if you are in a more prestigious crowd

Status vs. likability

how popular someone is vs. how well liked someone is

consequences of high status

pretty bad long term effects because it is hard for them to understand what worked for them in high school won’t work anywhere else

addictions and bad marriages

Cliques

Smaller group (2 to 12)

interaction needed

similar interests and characteristics

the have to share at least 3 same values

Cliques and crowds as we get older

Childhood: same gendered cliques

Middle school: Crowds

High school: crowds gone, couple emerges

Adulthood: Couple becomes more important social unit

Girls

\---- Are more likely to be in a clique

Cliques

\----- impact on development:

social skills like intimacy, listening, and conflict resolution

What is popularity

Perceived/ reputed popularity

real popularity/ sociometric status

Perceived/reputed popularity

Crowds membership, social prestige (status)

Real popularity/Sociometric status

Liked by a lot of peers

social preference

(likability)

self report measure

Name three people you like the most and 3 you like the least.

has two dimensions:

Peer acceptance and Impact/visibility

Peer acceptance

When doing the self report measure, it is the difference between positive and negative nominations

Impact/visibility

When doing the self report measure, it is the adding of positive and negative total nominations

Sociometric status groups

Popular

average

controversial (Many people like them, but many don’t)

rejected (unpopular)

neglected (unpopular, not many nominations but if they get them, their negative)

Popular/average

Characteristics of ------

intelligence, adherence to adult norms, nonjudgmental, and attractiveness is also important

better friendships, adhere to adults social norms. they become financially stable, relationship success

Unpopular

characteristics of ------

aggression, withdrawn, or both

hostile attribution bias (they will see everything that is ambiguous as hostile

Rejected vs. neglected

Externalizing problems vs. internalizing problems

Relation aggression

Deliberately damage and manipulate another’s social relationships and social standing.

Piaget

---- view on the importance of friendships for development

Believed that the people you should learn the most from should be from people equal to you.

Behavioral and cognitive equals

important for conflict resolution

Sullivan

---- view on the importance of friendships for development

very Freudian

believed that at different ages we have to have different relationships for self-development

believed in chumship (same age and gender)

important for validation and emotional intimacy

\
believed that all of this results in a healthy sense of self and self esteem

Harris

\---- view on the importance of friendships for development

Friends = primary socializing agents

good enough parents

what a friend is

Companion

prosocial behavior

(relative) Absence of conflicts

age difference- concrete vs.. abstract. “We are friends because she like purple like I do vs. she cares about what I have to say and listens”

Childhood and adolescence

During ---- ---- competition/ rivalry are common in childhood because they see their friends as their equal unlike their parents and uses them to gage where they are level wise.

Resolving conflict when younger

More common to Forget about it, renew the friendship, apologizing.

they rarely talk it out, adults compromise

intimacy

\----- is not a characteristic part of friendship

children prefer parents to share their secrets with because little kids are not good at psychologically complex things, like Sullivan says.

Narr and colleagues

asked do close friends in adolescence lead to better emotional health in adulthood or is high status more important

method: 15 years old; longitudinal

measures: close friendships (intimacy)

results: Friendship is the most important so they will do better in life and have less social anxiety

Sullivans theory

Intimate friendship= good romantic relationship

positive connection

in early adolescence, boy’s and girl’s friendship are similar in their intimacy

Research: boys don’t have a best friend they just have friends at 15, this is also the time we see suicide

Socialization

In other countries, men are very intimate with each other and it is not considered a bad thing. This is because of their -------

implications of men not having close friends

20% of men struggling with loneliness, increased risk or early death as well as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and progression of Alzheimer’s

26%-32% increased risk of premature death

boys reason for Non close relationships

Betrayal; distrust; maturity

Girls, boys

Stereotype that adolescent---- care more than ---- about being rejected by a friend is accurate

integrating friendships for girls

very trusting with secrets so does not like big group of friends

Rejection and jealousy for girls

Much more upset about bailing on plans

also have a harder time merging new people into the group.

girls

\----- Interact more often with single friend- too many knowing your secrets aren’t good

little

is it a big or little difference in how girls and boys stability in friendships as well as other friendship features?

Teenagers; Young adults; adults

\----- and --- --- have considerably more friends than --- do.

Friendship in adulthood

Social networks shrink- because teens have fewer responsibilities and more time.

social networks

\------ ----- help you find yourself

Sociometric selectivity theory

make better choices who can meet emotional needs

quality over quantity in friends as you get older

consequences of friendship in development

higher self-esteem, more cooperative, handle life stresses

older adult and friendship

social support

they are less likely to get sick

sex

biological difference

gender

social construction

gender binary

there is two sides, and it’s one or the other

gender nonbinary

when you do not identify as the two sides

gender stereotypes

Beliefs about how males and females differ in personality traits interests and behaviors