GCSU GA History Exam

Prehistory periods in order

Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian

During the Prehistory time period ____________ populated Georgia.

Indians

__________________ indians populated North GA.
___________________ indians populated other areas.
Small bands of _________________ were near Augusta.

Cherokee
Creek Confederation
Chickasaw

time period: 1550s-1775

Colonial

time period: 1775-1788

Revolutionary War/Confederation

time period: 1790's-1820

Early National Period

time period: 1820-1861

Antebellum Period

time period: 1861-1865

Civil War

time period: 1865-1877

Reconstruction

time period: 1870s-WWI

Gilded Age/Progressive Era

time period: 1917-1945

WWI to WWII

time period: 1945-present

Post WWII

Colonial period 1525-1646: What was happening?

Spanish expeditions exploring Georgia coast and interior

What happened in the late 1550s/early 1600s?

Spanish Missions along Coastal Georgia

1670 Founding of _______________.
English traders began to trade with __________ in what later became Georgia.

Charleston.
Indians.

1732 ___________ granted to a charitable trust.

Charter.

Three reasons for colony's founding:

1. Trust wanted to provide new start for poor of England and
persecuted Protestants in Europe
2. English government wanted defense buffer between Spanish
Florida and English Carolina
3. English government wanted Georgia to fit into British mercantilism

What happened in 1733?
Founding Trustee?

First colonists arrived.
James Oglethorpe.

1733-early 1750s is considered the ___________ period.

Trustee

Characteristics of the Trustee Period

-Agreements with Indians
-Problems with Trustee policies (including land policies)
-Problems with "Malcontents"
-Three Laws- 1. No rum 2. No slavery 3. License required to trade with Indians
-English and other ethnic groups settle
-War of Jenkins' Ear with Spanish; Battle of Bloody Marsh
-Abandonment of Trustee policies and laws by late 1740s
-Economic development

What was GA considered from 1752-1775?

Royal Colony

Characteristics of being a royal colony

-Dev. of slavery and plantation system
-rice culture along coast
-fur trade in back country
-new gov't w/ royal governor, Governor's Council, elected Commons House of Assembly
-events leading up to Revolution, including GA's reaction to events in other colonies
-GA was younger, weaker, and had closer ties to England->slower to action
-only colony with no representative at the 1st Continental Congress
-attended 2nd Cont. Congress
-3 Georgians signed Dec. Of Independence

1763-1775: opened back country to farmers

Indian Land Cessions

Who signed the Declaration of Independence from Georgia?

George Walton, Lyman Hall, and Button Gwinnett

first European to explore the interior of what is now the state of Georgia

Hernando De Soto

Founding Trustee of GA; conceived of and implemented his plan to establish the colony of Georgia. It was through his initiatives in England in 1732 that the British government authorized the establishment of its first new colony in North America in more than five decades

James Oglethorpe

Known as Coosaponakeesa among the Creek Indians; served as a cultural liaison between colonial Georgia and her Native American community

Mary Musgrove

chief of the Yamacraw Indians; principal mediator between the native population and the new English settlers during the first years of settlement, he contributed much to the establishment of peaceful relations between the two groups and to the ultimate success of Georgia

Tomochichi

migrated from England to Savannah in 1737 to serve as secretary of Trustee Georgia; served in the office of president from 1741 to 1751

William Stephens

captain in the British royal navy; served as Georgia's first royal governor from late 1754 to early 1757

John Reynolds

second royal governor of Georgia, has been called "Georgia's second founder."

Henry Ellis

the third and last royal governor of Georgia, serving from 1760 to 1782, with a brief interruption early in the American Revolution (1775-83)

James Wright

1775-1778: Fighting in Georgia between ______________ and _____________.

Patriots (Whigs) and Loyalists (Tories)

1776- Battle of _______ ________ where the royal gov't fell;
also called the Battle of Yamacraw Bluff; land and naval battle of the American Revolutionary War that took place in and around the Savannah River on the border between the Province of Georgia and the Province of South Carolina. The battle pitted the Patriot militia from Georgia and South Carolina against a small fleet of the Royal Navy.

Rice Boats

December 1778 British capture of ________________. (Re-establishment of royal gov't)

Savannah.

1779- patriot victory at _____________ _____________ and defeat at _________ __________

Kettle Creek.
Briar Creek.

1779- French/Patriot siege of ________________ failed

Savannah

1779-1780 Patriots retreated to _____________. This place was taken by british, retaken by patriots, retaken by british, retaken by patriots.

Augusta

1782- _____________ retook Savannah.

Patriots

Gov't during revolution: ____________ and _____________ of 1776;
followed by the 1st state constitution in _______.

Rules and Regulations of 1776.
1777.

1781-1789: Georgia is a part of the Confederation of states under the ____________ of
____________________

Articles of Confederation.

Capital moved to _______________ in 1786 along with more population moving to interior. Settlers' desire for Indian land led to problems.

Augusta

1787- Georgia participated in _____________________ _________________.
Who signed it?

Constitutional Convention.
Abraham Baldwin and William Few,

1788- Georgia electors unanimously chose _______________ _________________ for
first president. Support for Constitution and stronger federal
government related to Indian lands.

George Washington

Called the "Morning Star of Liberty"; prominent among Georgia's Whig leaders before and during the American Revolution (1775-83) serving in both the provincial and state legislatures and in the Continental Congress

Noble Wimberly Jones

one of three Georgians to sign the Declaration of Independence. He served in numerous capacities for the state of Georgia after the American Revolution (1775-83).

George Walton

one of three Georgians to sign the Declaration of Independence. He served as a representative to the Continental Congress and as governor of Georgia (1783-84)

Lyman Hall

one of three Georgia signers of the Declaration of Independence. He served in Georgia's colonial legislature, in the Second Continental Congress, and as president of Georgia's Revolutionary Council of Safety

Button Gwinnett

controversial Creek Indian leader in the 1780s and 1790s; one of many Southeastern Indians with a Native American mother and European father; He played off European powers to protect Creek interests, initiated nationalist reforms within Creek society, and used trade to increase his own position on the southern frontier.

Alexander McGillivray

member of a prominent eighteenth-century Scottish Highland family that was among the earliest settlers of the Georgia colony, played an important role in the cause of American independence

Lachlan McIntosh

Revolutionary War hero from Georgia; led several successful frontier guerrilla campaigns against British soldiers and American Loyalists during the war.
____________ County is named for him.

Elijah Clarke

Commanding a regiment of loyalists known as the King's Rangers; His career is a key to understanding the war on the southern frontier and an exciting story in itself

Thomas Brown

Georgia's most acclaimed female participant during the Revolutionary War; A devout patriot, she gained notoriety during the revolution for her determined efforts to rid the area of Tories, English soldiers, and British sympathizers. Her single-handed efforts against Tories and Indians in the Broad River frontier, as well as her covert activities as a patriot spy, have become the stuff of myth, legend, and local folklore

Nancy Hart

in 1778 he was dispatched by the British commander in chief in North America, Sir Henry Clinton, to proceed against Savannah; captured Savannah and Augusta; achieved one of the few unqualified British successes in the American Revolution

Col. Archibald Campbell

Following France's entry into the American War of Independence in 1778, he led a fleet to aid the American rebels. He participated in a failed Franco-American siege of Newport, Rhode Island in 1778 and the equally unsuccessful 1779 Siege of Savannah before returning to France in 1780.

Count D'Estaing

a governor of Georgia; He made his most important contributions to his adopted state in the political arena, overturning the Yazoo land fraud of 1795 and building the state's first true political party.

James Jackson

1793- Eli Whitney invented the _________ ____ on Mulberry Grove Plantation outside of Savannah

cotton gin

1800s development of the ____________ culture

cotton

Development of GA's economy during the Early National Period 1789-1820

-end of indian trade
-rice culture continued at the coast
-tobacco culture in piedmont
-continuing dev. of slavery
-agricultural production of yeoman farmers
-Dev. of towns
-dev. of transportation- roads
-dev. banking

Political Development during the Early National period 1789-1820

-Indian Land Cessions
-Constitutions of 1789, 1795
-Development of political factions: Jackson/Troupites, Clarkites, Yazoo Land Fraud
-War of 1812 and its impact
Red Stick War with Creeks
-Development of education and religion
Second Great Awakening
Growth especially of Methodists and Baptists

founder of the University of Georgia and a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1787; also served in the Georgia General Assembly, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the U.S. Senate.

Abraham Baldwin

represented Georgia at the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Subsequently, he was a signer of the U.S. Constitution.

William Few

veteran of the Continental army during the Revolutionary War (1775-83); state legislator, governor, and member of the U.S. Congress

George Mathews

1)a major general in the Georgia militia, state representative, and U.S. Indian agent, was governor of Georgia from 1819 to 1823. 2)Revolutionary War hero from Georgia

1)John & 2)Elijah Clarke

served as a state representative, U.S. congressman, U.S. senator, and Georgia's 13th governor; successful efforts to ensure the removal of the Creek Indians from the state; staunch advocate for state's rights.

George Troup

second president of the University of Georgia, implemented the state's first physics curriculum at the university in 1801. During the following ten years, also served as the only professor of natural philosophy and conducted research in meterology and astronomy.

Josiah Meigs

invented the cotton gin

Eli Whitney

veteran of the Revolutionary War, served as the state attorney general and in the state legislature before being elected governor of Georgia in 1802; congressman for four terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, and president pro tempore in the U.S. Senate; one of the party who seized British colonial governor James Wright at Savannah in January 1776, was also a principal figure in the organization of the University of Georgia.

John Milledge

During the Antebellum period, there was political party development over issues of ____________, ____________ War, ___________ rights, and ________________.

tariff, Mexican War, states' rights, secession

Whigs were more _____________.
Democrats more _______________ and _______________ secession.

moderate.
radical, advocated.

The platform established Georgia's conditional acceptance of the Compromise of 1850. Much of the document followed a draft written by Charles Jones Jenkins and represented a collaboration between Georgia Whigs and moderate Democrats dedicated to preserving the Union. In effect, the proclamation accepted the measures of the compromise so long as the North complied with the Fugitive Slave Act and would no longer attempt to ban the expansion of slavery into new territories and states. Northern contempt for these conditions, the platform warned, would make secession inevitable.

Compromise of 1850/Georgia Platform

increasing sectional tensions in the 1850s and rise of the __________________ party led to more radical feelings in GA

Republican

The capital moved to _________________ in 1795 and to _____________________ in 1804

Louis ville; Milledgeville

Creeks & Cherokees
"Civilization program"
Demand for Indian land
Resistance to removal
Cherokee Supreme Court cases

Indian Removal

ceded land to the state of Georgia in return for cash payments totaling $200,000 over a period of 14 years

Treaties of Indian Springs

the forced journey of the Cherokees in 1838 to present-day Oklahoma.

Trail of Tears

Development of transportation in the 1830s included what?

Railroads! Georgia RR, Central of GA, Western and Atlanta, and smaller lines

Economic Dev in the Antebellum period

cotton in piedmont
rice on coast
food crop production-corn and other crops
limited dev of manufacturing- cotton mills, tanneries, quarries, turpentine distilleries, lumber

two-time U.S. presidential nominee and the only Georgian to run for the presidency prior to Jimmy Carter; U.S. senator, cabinet member under two presidents, and foreign diplomat.

William Harris Crawford

two-time Georgia governor during the 1830s, is best known for his successful efforts to remove the Cherokees from the state; state legislator, a U.S. congressman, and an army officer during the War of 1812 (1812-15).

George Gilmer

he was elected to Congress four times, serving 1815-17 and 1827-31; governor for two terms (1831-35), U.S. commissioner to the Cherokee Indians (1836-37), U.S. senator (1837-41), surveyor of Georgia's boundaries and an advocate of improved transportation, especially as a general manager and key figure in the creation of the state's Western and Atlantic Railroad

Wilson Lumpkin

congressman (1843-51; 1855-57), Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1849-51), governor of Georgia (1851-53), and secretary of the treasury (1857-60); president of the Provisional Confederate Congress (1861-62); major general of the Confederate army

Howell Cobb

Stephen Douglas' 1860 vice presidential candidate; Johnson County, in east central Georgia, is named in his honor

Herschel Johnson

vice president of the Confederacy during the Civil War (1861-65)

Alexander Stephens

most ardent secessionists in the U.S. Senate, helped to lead Georgia out of the Union on the eve of the Civil War (1861-65)

Robert Toombs

served as Georgia's governor for two terms, from 1909 to 1911 and from 1912 to 1913

Joseph Brown

controversial chief of the Lower Creeks in early-nineteenth-century Georgia; His general support of the United States and its efforts to obtain cessions of Creek territory alienated him from many Creeks who opposed white encroachment on Indian land.

William McIntosh

principal chief of the Cherokee Nation in 1827, following the establishment of a government modeled on that of the United States. He presided over the nation during the apex of its development in the Southeast, the tragic Trail of Tears, and the subsequent rebuilding of the nation in Indian Territory, in present-day Oklahoma

John Ross

Cherokee leader primarily known for signing the Treaty of New Echota (1835), which led to the Trail of Tears. Before this tragic period in Cherokee history, however, he was one of the most prominent leaders of the Cherokee nation

Major Ridge

legendary creator of the Cherokee syllabary

Sequoyah

editor of the Cherokee Phoenix, the first Native American newspaper in the United States.

Elia Boudinot

north Georgia physician, is credited with the discovery of anesthesia

Crawford W. Long

Georgia voters divided in 1860 election:
Breckinridge for ______________ Democrats,
Bell of ________________ Unionists, and
_______________ of the Northern Democrats

Southern.
Constitutional.
Douglas.

Seceded in January. Confederate States of America formed in _____________

February

The Civil War began after firing on ________ ____________, _______ in April

Fort Sumter, SC

biggest. battle. ever. fought in Georgia, took place on September 18-20, 1863.
34,000 casualties, it is generally accepted as the second bloodiest engagement of the war

Battle of Chickamauga

the most destructive campaign against a civilian population during the Civil War, began in Atlanta on November 15, 1864, and concluded in Savannah on December 21, 1864

Sherman's March to the Sea

one of the most successful politicians in the state's history and the father of two-term governor Joseph M. Brown.

Joseph E. Brown

1) president of the Provisional Confederate Congress (1861-62); major general of the Confederate army
2) one of antebellum Georgia's foremost legal authorities and most outspoken advocates of slavery and of secession from the Union. He fought for the Confederacy as a brigadier general and was killed at the Battle of Fredericksburg in 1862

1)Howell and
2)T.R.R. Cobb

jurist who became associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia in the 1850s. He then became a vocal advocate for secession and earned the rank of brigadier general during the Civil War

Henry Benning