Unit 6 Cities & Urban Land Use Patterns and Processes

African City Model

Model that suggests that African cities have more than one CBD, which is due to colonialism.

basic sector

the products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside the city itself by a business, earning income for the community, the part of a city's economy that is producing exports, these types of businesses are attractive to cities because they bring IN money and lead to job creation in multiple industries

Block busting (panic peddling)

To profit from inducing any person to sell or rent dwellings by representing entry of certain minority group(s) into a neighborhood.

Boomburbs

rapidly growing city in the US that remains suburban in character, even as it reaches higher populations

Brownfields/brownfield remediation

Abandoned polluted industrial sites in downtown areas, many of which are today being cleaned and redeveloped into parks, business, or entertainment centers (ex: Discovery Green)

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

This model was devised in the 1920s by Ernest Burgess to predict and explain the growth patterns of North American urban spaces. Its main principle is that cities can be viewed from above as a series of concentric rings; as the city grows and expands, new rings are added and old ones change character. Key elements of the model are the central business district and the peak land value intersection.

Central Business District (CBD)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

Christaller's Central Place Theory

Developed in the 1930s by Walter Christaller, this model explains and predicts patterns of urban places across the map. In his model, Christaller analyzed the hexagonal, hierarchical pattern of cities, villages, towns, and hamlets arranged according to their varying degrees of centrality, determined by the central place functions existing in urban places and the hinterlands they serve.

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Assumptions:

\- Flat plane with uniform geography and nature

\- Uniform population

\- single mode of transportation

\- evolution towards the growth of cities

\- all persons have a similar income

\- all persons have similar consumption patterns

de facto segregation

Racial, ethnic, or other segregation resulting from societal differences between groups, as socioeconomic or political disparity, without institutionalized legislation intended to segregate.

Disamenity Sector

A relatively stable slum area that radiates from the central market to the outermost zone of peripheral squatter of settlements and consists of high-density shantytowns, typically seen in semi-periphery and periphery countries

ecological footprint

The impact of a an entity (person, business, or community) on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Edge City (Galactic City)

A term introduced by the American journalist Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the CBD toward a new concentrations of economic activity at the urban fringe.

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An area becomes an edge city when there is a concentration of firms, and entertainment and shopping centers, usually along a highway intersection in a previously known rural or residential area.

exurb

An exurb is an area outside the suburbs of a metropolitan area, which has an economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing density, and growth.

Farmland Protection Program

Help state, county, and local governments protect farmland in danger of being paved over or otherwise developed.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area

Gravity Model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

green belt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.

housing discrimination

The illegal practice of denying an individual or group the right to buy or rent a home based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability or family status.

Hoyt Sector Model

Focuses on residential patterns explaining where the wealthy in a city choose to live. He argued that the city grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from the CBD to the city's outer edge, creating zones which are shaped like pieces of a pie.

Inclusionary Zoning

Zoning that encourages affordable housing, often through a density bonus. To get the additional density, new construction must include a set percentage of affordable housing units (or make a payment into a fund to support the development of nearby affordable housing).

affordable housing

Housing that has a sale price

or rental amount that is within the means of a household that may occupy middle-, moderate-, or low-income housing. In the case of dwelling units for sale, housing that is affordable means housing in which mortgage, amortization, taxes,

insurance, and condominium or association fees constitute no more than 28% of gross annual household income. In the case of dwelling units for rent, housing that is affordable means housing for which the rent and utilities constitute no more than 30% of gross annual income.

Infilling

The process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land.

land tenure

how property rights to land are allocated within societies, including how permissions are granted to access, use, control, and transfer land.

Latin American City Model

Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge.

Megacities

Cities with more than 10 million people, most growth of these cities is occurring in less-developed countries.

metacities

Agglomerations of several cities, towns, and suburbs that have expanded so that they coalesce into a single, sprawling urban mass of more than 20 million people.

mixed land use/mixed-use development

an urban design initiative in which land development contains two or more major types of uses (such as residential, commercial, office, and institutional), each of which should attract a significant market share in its own right, such as a condominium that has residential and commercial units.

New Urbanism

A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New Urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.

Primate City Rule

The largest city has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking city.

rank-size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

redevelopment

Where old buildings and land are replaced by new buildings.

red lining

A process by which banks draw colored lines on a map ranking neighborhoods by lending approval. Banks would refuse to lend money for purchase or improve property within the red colored boundaries. This practice was declared illegal in 1968

Slow-growth cities

Urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl.

Smart Growth Principles

1\. Mixed land use

2\. Range of housing (socioeconomic)

3\. Walk-able neighborhoods

4\. Community and stakeholder collaboration

5\. Compact building design

6\. Communities with a strong sense of place

7\. Preservation of land

8\. Transportation (community based versus auto based)

9\. Development of existing communities

10\. Predictable and cost effective development decisions

Southeast Asian City Model

Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.

Squatter Settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Suburbanization/Sprawl

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe. The development of undeveloped land.

Sustainable Design Initiatives

Communities that use smart growth and green building techniques to create neighborhoods that are economically thriving and environmentally responsible.

Tenements

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

transportation-oriented development

The exciting fast growing trend in creating vibrant, livable, sustainable communities. Also known as TOD, it's the creation of compact, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around high quality train systems. This makes it possible to live a lower-stress life without complete dependence on a car for mobility and survival.

urban decentralization

metropolitan areas sprawl in all directions and suburbs take on many of the characteristics of traditional down-towns with a high concentration of services, businesses, and entertainment

Urban function

Services that are provided in a certain metropolitan area such as police, fire, public libraries, transportation....

Urban Growth Boundary (UGB)

A line used by city planners to separate areas that will remain urban from areas that will remain rural.

urban hierarchy

A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Urban sustainability

The goal of improving the social and economic conditions of an increasingly urbanized population while maintaining environmental quality.

world city (global city)

City that plays an especially important role in global business services. (Ex. New York City, London, Tokyo)

zone of abandonment

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons.