Chapter 11 Vocab APUSGOV

Bostock v. Clayton County

Held that workplace discrimination was illegal throughout the nation under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

Defense of Marriage Act (1996)

Defined marriage at the national level and declared that states did not have to accept same-sex marriages recognized in other states

"don't ask, don't tell" (1994)

Policy that prevented the military from asking about the private sexual status of its personnel but also prevented gays and lesbians from acknowledging or revealing it

Equal Pay Act (1963)

Legislation passed by Congress that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

equal protection clause

14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination

Equal Rights Amendment (1972)

Stated "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied on account of se" and gave Congress power to enforce this

King, Jr., Martin Luther

civil rights leader who fought for the rights of minorities by the use of peaceful civil disobedience.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

The Court overturned a Texas law banning sexual conduct between persons of the same sex

"Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. encouraging non-violent protest against segregation after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation.

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

granted women the right to vote

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

The Fourteenth Amendment requires a State to license a marriage between two people of the same sex and to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-State

strict scrutiny

the analysis by courts to guarantee legislation is narrowly tailored to avoid violation of laws

Title IX (1972)

guaranteed that women have the same educational opportunities as men in programs receiving federal government funding

civil rights

protections from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, and sex

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, the reform organization that called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

made illegal for privately owned places of public accommodation to make distinctions between black and white patrons and outlawed discrimination in jury selection, public schools, churches, cemeteries, and transportation

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which investigates allegations of discrimination in hiring and firing, and set the stage for passage of an immigration reform bill in 1965

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

the conservative Court overruled the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and enabled discrimination in commercial affairs

Fifteenth Amendment

Prohibited states from denying the vote to anyone "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States and required states to guarantee privileges and immunities to its own citizens as well as those from other states

grandfather clause

allowed states to recognize a registering voter as it would have recognized his grandfather, preventing thousands of blacks from voting while allowing illiterate and poor white to be exempt from the literacy and poll tax

Jim Crow Laws

Separated blacks and whites on trains, in theaters, in public restrooms, and in public schools

literacy test

a test of reading skills required before one could vote

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

The Supreme Court ruled that the equal protection clause was not violated by segregated public places, claiming "separate but equal" facilities satisfied the 14th Amendment

poll taxes

a simple fee required of voters

"Separate but equal"

Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.

Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

Outlawed slavery across the US, trumping the Tenth Amendment's reserved powers to the states

Title II (Civil Rights Act of 1964)

bans discrimination in public places on basis of race, color, national origin, or religion

Title IX (Educational Amendments Act of 1972)

Guaranteed that women have the same educational opportunities as men in programs receiving federal government funding

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination; empowered Congress and the federal government to oversee state elections in southern states and ended the literacy test

Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964)

Outlaws the poll tax in any federal, primary, or general election

white primary

a primary in which only white men could vote

white flight

the move of white city-dwellers to the suburbs to escape the influx of minorities.

freedom of choice plans

Every student would be allowed without legal restriction to attend the school of his or her choice

majority-minority districts

voting districts in which a minority race or group of minorities make up the majority

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg (1970)

The court ruled that busing students and reorganizing school boundaries are legal and good methods to gain a desegregated school system.

affirmative action

the label placed on institutional efforts to diversify by race, gender, or otherwise

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Supreme Court case which held that a university's admissions criteria which used race as a definite and exclusive basis for an admission decision violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964