What does "It's F**ing Chaos" tell us about the current state of juvenile justice efforts in light of the COVID-19 pandemic?
there are confounding factors that lead to delinquent behavior (trauma, poverty, circumstance, etc), highlighted by the pandemic
How does this relate to our conceptual understanding of delinquency and the purpose of the juvenile justice system?
we must take these factors into account
less restrictive, more rehab, trauma informed care for delinquents
brought a negative impact to families
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What does "It's F**ing Chaos" tell us about the current state of juvenile justice efforts in light of the COVID-19 pandemic?
there are confounding factors that lead to delinquent behavior (trauma, poverty, circumstance, etc), highlighted by the pandemic
How does this relate to our conceptual understanding of delinquency and the purpose of the juvenile justice system?
we must take these factors into account
less restrictive, more rehab, trauma informed care for delinquents
brought a negative impact to families
Are there differences between the following terms: youth, adolescent, and delinquent?
definition of youth dependent on the state
youth under 18
Adolescent phase of development between childhood and and adulthood
delinquent: individual who has been found by the juvenile justice system committed a crime
around ages 10-17
What does the heterogeneity of juvenile offending mean? Does heterogeneity make it easier or more challenging to develop juvenile justice policy? Explain your answer
Heterogeneity of juvenile offending means the differential of types of offending , some may commit more or less than.
makes it hard to develop a policy because it must be dealt with on a case-by-case basis by case
What types of offenses and/or crimes do juvenile delinquents engage in? Do juveniles engage in certain offenses and/or crime more than others?
most common are running away, truancy, violating curfew, underage drinking and smoking
yes juveniles do engage in certain types of crime more than others
What is the process juvenile delinquents go through in the juvenile justice system?
Move young offenders through the legal process (judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, court administrators, court intake workers, counselors probation officers),
Institutions and organizations that hold and house juveniles like training schools, residential treatment centers, foster homes, group homes
Why is the terminology different from the adult criminal justice system?
the system responses to the crime of the juveniles, goal is to intervene in the continuation of delinquency and to hold them accountable
Difference in terminology is that it is bit more leniently because of the strong goal to rehabilitate juveniles than to punish
What is the California minimum age of jurisdiction?
12
Official records and self-report data allow us to understand delinquency. In what ways are these data beneficial and problematic for research?
problematic due to overrepresentation of certain races, inaccurate of latinos because of the divide of what defines latinos, there are also changing laws (weed), undercount of crime, errors at the local levels and individual biases
beneficial allows people to report data they may have never reported because of distrust, gives us more insight
According to the video, Social media’s role in the rise of youth violence, what role did social media play in delinquent behavior?
anonymity
ease of contact/planning of attacks
larger reach for gangs/other delinquency groups
motivation to commit and film delinquent behavior for views and street cred
According to the video, The juvenile justice system is broken. Here is what actually works: what are the failures of the juvenile justice system? What is the school to prison pipeline? What interventions have positive results?
failures of criminalizing young people, lack of adolescent education, and lack of special services, which leads to no HS diploma and hard to find a job and integrate in the adult world, lack of swiftness (bail time), punitive punishment
School to prison pipeline, children are funneled out of public schools and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems
Positive results from intervention programs like corrective education programs and alternative juvenile programs
Define parens patriae.
the court is the ultimate parent/legal protector/guardian of juveniles
Describe the historical evolution of the juvenile justice system 1600
poor children often left unsupervised
involuntary separation, placed in bandage as apprentices
system put in place to settle disputes of abuse by masters
Describe the historical evolution of the juvenile justice system.What are poor laws?
1600-1700s
Poor Law act of 1601- involuntary separation of children from impoverished parents; children were then places in bondage to local residents
children sent to adult prisons
no juvenile facility until 1788
Describe the historical evolution of the juvenile justice system. Why is common law relevant for understanding the role of the juvenile court judge?
mid 1800s
therapeutic approach
taught trade to be better equipped in life
1824
house of refuge
child saving movement turning point
1899
first juvenile court in cook county
non punitive efforts
Common law is relevant to understand the role of the juvenile court judge because children under 7 could not form criminal intent and would not be responsible
form a foundation for the American Justice system,
but were treated just as adults and hard punishment
What is the NY House of Refuge – 1824?
beginning of the child saving movement, advocating for children
foster care, regulating child labor, fighting child abuse
Where and when was the first juvenile court created? What were the goals of that court?
Cook County Illinois 1899 by, wanted to save and not punish but rehabilitate, nurture and formal court processing and state acts as the ultimate parent, prevent stigmatized
Describe the due process reform of juvenile justice.
required that juvenile be granted a hearing or a officer state the reason for decisions
Due process Reform
“the worst of both worlds”
tension between youth welfare and public safety
Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts 1966
Kent v. US (1966)
Right to transfer hearing, right to an attorney, access to social files; judge must state in writing must state why being transferred
Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts 1967
In re Gault (1967)
juveniles have the right to be given a notice of charges, right to an attorney, and the right to confront and cross examine; no justification for “kangaroo court”
Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts 1970
In re Winship (1970)
Focus on degree of certainty - standard for proof
from “preponderance of evidence” to “beyond reasonable doubt”
Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts. 1971
Mc Keiver v Penn 1971
no right to jury trial
Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts 1975
Breed V jones 1975
protected from double jeopardy and transfers to adult court must be made prior to being found guilty
What did Roper v. Simmons (2005), Graham v. Florida (2010), and Miller v. Alabama (2012) each accomplish?
roper v simmons
death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment for juveniles under the 8th amendment
graham v florida
life w/o parole for non-homicide is unconstitutional
miller v alabama
life w/o parole for homicide is unconstitutional
What proportion of chronic offenders make up what proportion of crime?
youth low income census tracts comprise most arrested
Chronic Offenders
6% of male population responsible for 50% of arrests
What are some important delinquency correlates that we know AGE
property offenders peak at 18,
violence offenders peak later at 23
What proportion of chronic offenders make up what proportion of crime? SEX
males are 82% of violent index crime,
71% total (more females in recent years)
What are some important delinquency correlates that we know? ETHNICITY
Latino rates often fall between those of black and white( homicide) but data are limited
What are the main findings of the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence?
The survey reveals that a significant number of children are exposed to violence in various forms, including domestic violence, bullying, and community violence, which has lasting impacts on their mental health and well-being.
What are the four types of delinquency measures used in much of the delinquency literature?
Four types of delinquency measured
violent behavior (assaults ad carrying weapons)
property delinquency (stealing, breaking something)
drug and alcohol use
minor delinquency (cheating on tests, truancy)
How do the findings differ across gender and age? What kinds of delinquency measures do they look at?
males are more likely to be primary delinquent or delinquent-victims,
females most likely to be primarily victims or not involved
in males, primary delinquent and delinquent-victims peaked at 16
in females, peaked at 16 as well, but still much more likely to be delinquent-victims or primary victims than primary delinquents
What are the main findings of the article “Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2019” (2022)? For example, how many delinquency cases were processed by the juvenile courts in 2019?
722,600 processed in 2019
2% drop from 2018 and a 56% decrease since 2005.
Person offenses made up 33% of cases, followed by property (30%),
public order (24%)
and drug offenses (13%).
All major offense categories saw significant long-term declines. Probation remained the most common outcome, highlighting the system’s focus on rehabilitation.
Did all cases result in a petition or adjudication? What were the outcomes? Explain.
386,600 petitioned
203,600 adjudicated
outcomes
27% placed
65% probation
8% other sanction
What role do schools play in juvenile delinquency? Are SROs beneficial to school settings? Explain.
Increase school safety and prevention of school violence
School research officers have not shown any evidence of correlation that they help stop juvenile delinquency
There are significant gaps in mental health treatment for youth. What contributes to these gaps? How many confined youth have at least one diagnosable health disorder?
65-70% have at least one disorder
failure to provide mental health services contribution to high numbers
According to the video, Juvenile Justice and Childhood Trauma, what issues did South Dakota face regarding difficult childhood behavior? How did family members, legislatures, and professionals attempt to address these behaviors?
showed more antisocial and violent behavior, often tied to trauma like abuse or neglect.
Families pushed for support, lawmakers created diversion programs, and professionals called for better mental health access—though staffing shortages remained a challenge.
Describe science’s role in death penalty cases involving adolescents.
when lawyers learn about adolescent brain development, they argue that young people are different and should be treated differently
How do behavioral, psychological, and neuroscience research demonstrate adolescence as a period of human development that differs from childhood and adulthood? In particular, how does brain development, self-control and puberty intersect to affect development and decision-making?
pleasure seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than self control and rational thought
hormones and puberty
prefrontal cortex catches up in adulthood (age 25), but is still underdeveloped during adolescence
more emotional, short term judgements are made
What are external influences on adolescents? How do these influences affect adolescent development?
parenting = guidance, modeling, communication, supervision
peers = community organization, after school programs, gangs
Activites= school transitions, achievements, disparities, discipline
What are the different units of analysis in the study of delinquency and provide examples of each?
Level of analysis
individual = youth
Group = peers
Community = city
time = of day
situation or event = gang drive by
What are the key assumptions of differential association? What is the role of culture and subculture in differential association?
Assumptions cultural relativism and change and flexibility in humans , and deviant behavior is learned with interactions of others
Culture roles: knowledge, beliefs, norms, and shared understandings
Subculture a group with norms, values and beliefs distinct from dominant culture,
you learn from subculture (gangs)
Among social control theories, what are social bonds? What are the elements of social bonds?
social bonds are bonds to society
attachment to others
commitment (To conventional activities)
involvement (in conventional activities )
belief (in moral order )
Describe Gottfredson’s (2017) aims and conclusions in his article.
General theory of low self control, concluded that theory and policy can be linked, given the age and opportunity= delinquency may arise
self control is beneficial in life
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?
primary : original act of nonconformity
secondary: results from label and identity
What is the distinction between life-course persistent vs. adolescent-limited? According to Sampson and Laub (2003), who are life-course desisters?
Adolescent limited- offenders commits crimes only in adolescents but desists as they get older, fewer deficit
What is the ecological fallacy as it relates to social disorganization theory?
ecological fallacies related to disorganization = crime
disorganization is causes by rapid social change
immigration
industrialization
urbanization
What are the key assumptions of general strain theory? What is Merton’s contribution to this theory? How did Thaxton and Agnew test this theory?
assumptions crime is due to strain and stress
Merton explains more strains like parental rejection, abuse, unemployment, bad jobs, victimizations, homelessness, discriminations
Thaxton and Agnew tested by using coping process in general strain
low attachment, poor parental monitoring, risk seeking
Can general theories of crime explain female delinquency? Why or why not?
No
Moral code of society, enforcement of gender and sexual double standard(men rewarded or praised vs. women stigmatized)
Chesney Lind
Theft and prostitution to survive Girls as likey victims of physical and sexual abuse
What do critical theories of crime focus on?
Assumptions,
value conflict,
capitalism is tied to delinquency production,
crimes of accommodation by working class to survive,
crimes of resistance by working class,
crimes of domination and oppression by agents of capitalism
What is the relationship between victimization and offending as described in the podcast (Caught)?
Victimization in adolescence is a strong predictor of offering in other stages
they are vulnerable at types of victimizations at different ages
sibling violence decreased with age but experience weapon offenses increase with age
What are the main recommendations Greenwood (2008) proposes?
Main recommendations are that juvenile delinquency prevention should be a priority, focus on the risks of delinquency and proven effective strategies and guidance for jurisdictions attempting to curb delinquency
What are some ineffective programs for delinquency prevention?
Effective programs: Promising programs, Community Based programs, and Institutional Programs
Ineffective programs: DARE, Boot Camps, and Scared Straight
According to the podcast (Caught), what does “take a moment to breathe” mean? In particular, what does this mean in practice?
before impulsivity acting on a juvenile act they should take a breathe and compose themselves
Are programs created and run by private organizations always effective in reducing reoffending? Explain.
no programs created by private organizations are not always proven to reducing or reoffending because case studies are often sponsored by their company or that there is no randomized controlled studies
According to Elliott et al. (2020), what are the four basic sets of standards for evaluating the effectiveness of program and practice approaches?
performance measurement
outcome measurement
outcome evaluation
impact evaluation
In the video, A Million Dollar Cage, what was Kent’s story and how did he overcome past challenges? Who are “credible messengers”?
Kent’s Story:
Detained as a teen, faced deportation, but was released after an ICE agent took pity.
Now advocates for juvenile justice reform and mentors youth.
Credible Messengers:
People with lived experience in the justice system who use their stories to guide at-risk youth.
What are the important lessons we need to consider when creating a framework for prevention?
psychological factors matter
people age out of crime
develop skills for productive skills
prosocial lives
and fairness
The operation of legal mechanisms of prevention at what two levels? Describe both types of prevention and its goals.
Population level General preventions
aims to instill norms by expressing social disapproval and punishing violators
discourage the population from engaging in prohibited activities by trying to impose sanctions
The operation of legal mechanisms of prevention at what two levels? Describe both types of prevention and its goals.
Individual Specific , Specific preventions
preventing the particular person from committing future crime by intimidation by threat of future penalties, incapacitation , rehabilitation
What are delinquency dispositions in prevention?
dissipations is a phrase of delinquency proceedings similar to sentencing of a adult trial
judge must consider alternative and individualized sentences than making a standard
What are some important aspects youth need in order to prevent delinquency?
Important aspects that prevent this can be social settings, family peer group, schools and community can inhibit well being.
And therapy
How are adolescent offenders and adult offenders different in terms of culpability?
adolescents tend to have culpability, lack of self control, and increased susceptibility to peer influence and lack of good reasoning making them less culpable than adults
The committee concludes that science on adolescence and juvenile crime is likely to result in policies and practices that are effective and fair. Is there evidence of this in the juvenile justice system? Explain your answer.
Yes there tends to be more policies and practices that are effective and fair in terms of juvenile delinquency. They are held accountable but not with excessive sanctions, proportionality, procedural and perceived fairnesn