juvenile delinquency

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What does "It's F**ing Chaos" tell us about the current state of juvenile justice efforts in light of the COVID-19 pandemic?

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there are confounding factors that lead to delinquent behavior (trauma, poverty, circumstance, etc), highlighted by the pandemic

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 How does this relate to our conceptual understanding of delinquency and the purpose of the juvenile justice system?

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  • we must take these factors into account 

  • less restrictive, more rehab, trauma informed care for delinquents

  • brought a negative impact to families 

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1
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What does "It's F**ing Chaos" tell us about the current state of juvenile justice efforts in light of the COVID-19 pandemic?

there are confounding factors that lead to delinquent behavior (trauma, poverty, circumstance, etc), highlighted by the pandemic

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 How does this relate to our conceptual understanding of delinquency and the purpose of the juvenile justice system?

  • we must take these factors into account 

  • less restrictive, more rehab, trauma informed care for delinquents

  • brought a negative impact to families 

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Are there differences between the following terms: youth, adolescent, and delinquent?

  • definition of youth dependent on the state 

    • youth under 18

  • Adolescent phase of development between childhood and and adulthood

  • delinquent: individual who has been found by the juvenile justice system committed a crime

  • around ages 10-17

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What does the heterogeneity of juvenile offending mean? Does heterogeneity make it easier or more challenging to develop juvenile justice policy? Explain your answer

  • Heterogeneity of juvenile offending means the differential of types of offending , some may commit more or less than.

    • makes it hard to develop a policy because it must be dealt with on a case-by-case basis by case

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What types of offenses and/or crimes do juvenile delinquents engage in? Do juveniles engage in certain offenses and/or crime more than others?

  • most common are running away, truancy, violating curfew, underage drinking and smoking

    • yes juveniles do engage in certain types of crime more than others

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What is the process juvenile delinquents go through in the juvenile justice system?

  • Move young offenders through the legal process (judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, court administrators, court intake workers, counselors probation officers),

  • Institutions and organizations that hold and house juveniles like training schools, residential treatment centers, foster homes, group homes

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Why is the terminology different from the adult criminal justice system?

  • the system responses to the crime of the juveniles, goal is to intervene in the continuation of delinquency and to hold them accountable 

  • Difference in terminology is that it is bit more leniently because of the strong goal to rehabilitate juveniles than to punish

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  • What is the California minimum age of jurisdiction?

12

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Official records and self-report data allow us to understand delinquency. In what ways are these data beneficial and problematic for research?

  • problematic due to overrepresentation of certain races, inaccurate of latinos because of the divide of what defines latinos, there are also changing laws (weed), undercount of crime, errors at the local levels and individual biases 

  • beneficial allows people to report data they may have never reported because of distrust, gives us more insight

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According to the video, Social media’s role in the rise of youth violence, what role did social media play in delinquent behavior?

  • anonymity 

  • ease of contact/planning of attacks 

  • larger reach for gangs/other delinquency groups 

  • motivation to commit and film delinquent behavior for views and street cred

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According to the video, The juvenile justice system is broken. Here is what actually works: what are the failures of the juvenile justice system? What is the school to prison pipeline? What interventions have positive results?

  • failures of criminalizing young people, lack of adolescent education, and lack of special services, which leads to no HS diploma and hard to find a job and integrate in the adult world, lack of swiftness (bail time), punitive punishment

  • School to prison pipeline, children are funneled out of public schools and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems 

  • Positive results from intervention programs like corrective education programs and alternative juvenile programs

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Define parens patriae.

  • the court is the ultimate parent/legal protector/guardian of juveniles 

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Describe the historical evolution of the juvenile justice system 1600

  • poor children often left unsupervised 

  • involuntary separation, placed in bandage as apprentices 

  • system put in place to settle disputes of abuse by masters 

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Describe the historical evolution of the juvenile justice system.What are poor laws?

  • 1600-1700s

    • Poor Law act of 1601- involuntary separation of children from impoverished parents; children were then places in bondage to local residents

    • children sent to adult prisons

    • no juvenile facility until 1788

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Describe the historical evolution of the juvenile justice system. Why is common law relevant for understanding the role of the juvenile court judge?

  •  mid 1800s

    • therapeutic approach 

    • taught trade to be better equipped in life 

  • 1824

    • house of refuge 

    • child saving movement turning point 

  • 1899

    • first juvenile court in cook county 

    • non punitive efforts 

  • Common law is relevant to understand the role of the juvenile court judge because children under 7 could not form criminal intent and would not be responsible

    • form a foundation for the American Justice system,

      • but were treated just as adults and hard punishment

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What is the NY House of Refuge – 1824? 

  • beginning of the child saving movement, advocating for children 

    • foster care, regulating child labor, fighting child abuse

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Where and when was the first juvenile court created? What were the goals of that court?

  • Cook County Illinois 1899 by, wanted to save and not punish  but rehabilitate, nurture and formal court processing and state acts as the ultimate parent, prevent stigmatized 

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Describe the due process reform of juvenile justice.

  • required that juvenile be granted a hearing or a officer state the reason for decisions 

  • Due process Reform 

    • “the worst of both worlds”

    • tension between youth welfare and public safety 

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Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts 1966

  • Kent v. US (1966)

    • Right to transfer hearing, right to an attorney, access to social files; judge must state in writing must state why being transferred 

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Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts 1967

  • In re Gault (1967)

    • juveniles have the right to be given a notice of charges, right to an attorney, and the right to confront and cross examine; no justification for “kangaroo court”

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Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts 1970

  • In re Winship (1970)

    • Focus on degree of certainty - standard for proof

    • from “preponderance of evidence” to “beyond reasonable doubt”

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Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts. 1971

  • Mc Keiver v Penn 1971

    • no right to jury trial

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Identify how key court cases altered juvenile courts 1975

  • Breed V jones 1975

    • protected from double jeopardy and transfers to adult court must be made prior to being found guilty 

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What did Roper v. Simmons (2005), Graham v. Florida (2010), and Miller v. Alabama (2012) each accomplish?

  • roper v simmons

    • death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment for juveniles  under the 8th amendment 

  • graham v florida 

    • life w/o parole for non-homicide is unconstitutional 

  • miller v alabama 

    • life w/o parole for homicide is unconstitutional

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 What proportion of chronic offenders make up what proportion of crime?

  • youth low income census tracts comprise most arrested 

    • Chronic Offenders

    •  6% of male population responsible for 50% of arrests

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What are some important delinquency correlates that we know AGE

  •  property offenders peak at 18, 

  • violence offenders peak later at 23

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What proportion of chronic offenders make up what proportion of crime? SEX

  •  males are 82% of violent index crime, 

  • 71% total (more females in recent years)

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What are some important delinquency correlates that we know? ETHNICITY

  • Latino rates often fall between those of black and white( homicide) but data are limited 

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What are the main findings of the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence?

  • The survey reveals that a significant number of children are exposed to violence in various forms, including domestic violence, bullying, and community violence, which has lasting impacts on their mental health and well-being. 

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What are the four types of delinquency measures used in much of the delinquency literature?

  • Four types of delinquency measured 

    • violent behavior (assaults ad carrying weapons)

    • property delinquency (stealing, breaking something)

    • drug and alcohol use 

    • minor delinquency (cheating on tests, truancy) 

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 How do the findings differ across gender and age? What kinds of delinquency measures do they look at?

  • males are more likely to be primary delinquent or delinquent-victims,

  • females most likely to be primarily victims or not involved 

  • in males, primary delinquent and delinquent-victims peaked at 16 

  • in females, peaked at 16 as well, but still much more likely to be delinquent-victims or primary victims than primary delinquents 

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What are the main findings of the article “Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2019” (2022)? For example, how many delinquency cases were processed by the juvenile courts in 2019?

722,600 processed in 2019

  • 2% drop from 2018 and a 56% decrease since 2005.

  • Person offenses made up 33% of cases, followed by property (30%),

  • public order (24%)

  • and drug offenses (13%).

  • All major offense categories saw significant long-term declines. Probation remained the most common outcome, highlighting the system’s focus on rehabilitation.

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  • Did all cases result in a petition or adjudication? What were the outcomes? Explain.

  • 386,600 petitioned 

  • 203,600 adjudicated 

    • outcomes 

      • 27% placed

      • 65% probation 

      • 8% other sanction

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What role do schools play in juvenile delinquency? Are SROs beneficial to school settings? Explain.

  • Increase school safety and prevention of school violence

  • School research officers have not shown any evidence of correlation that they help stop juvenile delinquency

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There are significant gaps in mental health treatment for youth. What contributes to these gaps? How many confined youth have at least one diagnosable health disorder? 

  • 65-70% have at least one disorder

  • failure to provide mental health services contribution to high numbers 

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According to the video, Juvenile Justice and Childhood Trauma, what issues did South Dakota face regarding difficult childhood behavior? How did family members, legislatures, and professionals attempt to address these behaviors?

  •  showed more antisocial and violent behavior, often tied to trauma like abuse or neglect.

  • Families pushed for support, lawmakers created diversion programs, and professionals called for better mental health access—though staffing shortages remained a challenge.

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Describe science’s role in death penalty cases involving adolescents.

  • when lawyers learn about adolescent brain development, they argue that young people are different and should be treated differently

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How do behavioral, psychological, and neuroscience research demonstrate adolescence as a period of human development that differs from childhood and adulthood? In particular, how does brain development, self-control and puberty intersect to affect development and decision-making?

  • pleasure seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than self control and rational thought 

  • hormones and puberty 

  • prefrontal cortex catches up in adulthood (age 25), but is still underdeveloped during adolescence 

  • more emotional, short term judgements are made 

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What are external influences on adolescents? How do these influences affect adolescent development?

  • parenting = guidance, modeling, communication, supervision

  • peers = community organization, after school programs, gangs

  • Activites= school transitions, achievements, disparities, discipline 

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What are the different units of analysis in the study of delinquency and provide examples of each?

  • Level of analysis 

    • individual = youth

    • Group = peers

    • Community = city 

    • time = of day

    • situation or event = gang drive by 

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What are the key assumptions of differential association? What is the role of culture and subculture in differential association?

  • Assumptions cultural relativism and change and flexibility in humans , and deviant behavior is learned with interactions of others

  • Culture roles: knowledge, beliefs, norms, and shared understandings

  • Subculture a group with norms, values and beliefs distinct from dominant culture,

    • you learn from subculture (gangs)

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Among social control theories, what are social bonds? What are the elements of social bonds?

  • social bonds are bonds to society

    • attachment to others

    • commitment (To conventional activities)

    • involvement (in conventional activities )

    • belief (in moral order )

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Describe Gottfredson’s (2017) aims and conclusions in his article.

  • General theory of low self control, concluded that theory and policy can be linked, given the age and opportunity= delinquency may arise

  • self control is beneficial in life 

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What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

  • primary : original act of nonconformity 

  • secondary:  results from label and identity 

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What is the distinction between life-course persistent vs. adolescent-limited? According to Sampson and Laub (2003), who are life-course desisters?

Adolescent limited- offenders commits crimes only in adolescents but desists as they get older, fewer deficit

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What is the ecological fallacy as it relates to social disorganization theory?

  • ecological fallacies related to disorganization = crime

  • disorganization is causes by rapid social change

    • immigration

    • industrialization

    • urbanization

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What are the key assumptions of general strain theory? What is Merton’s contribution to this theory? How did Thaxton and Agnew test this theory?

  • assumptions crime is due to strain and stress

    • Merton explains more strains like parental rejection, abuse, unemployment, bad jobs, victimizations, homelessness, discriminations 

    • Thaxton and Agnew tested by  using coping process in general strain 

      • low attachment, poor parental monitoring, risk seeking 

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Can general theories of crime explain female delinquency? Why or why not?

  • No 

  • Moral code of society, enforcement of gender and sexual double standard(men rewarded or praised vs. women stigmatized) 

  • Chesney Lind

    • Theft and prostitution to survive Girls as likey victims of physical and sexual abuse

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What do critical theories of crime focus on?

  • Assumptions,

    •  value conflict, 

    • capitalism is tied to delinquency production, 

    • crimes of accommodation by working class to survive,

    •  crimes of resistance by working class,

    •  crimes of domination and oppression by agents of capitalism

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What is the relationship between victimization and offending as described in the podcast (Caught)?

  • Victimization in adolescence is a strong predictor of offering in other stages

  • they are vulnerable at types of victimizations at different ages

    • sibling violence decreased with age but experience weapon offenses increase with age 

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What are the main recommendations Greenwood (2008) proposes?

  • Main recommendations are that juvenile delinquency prevention should be a priority, focus on the risks of delinquency and proven effective strategies and guidance for jurisdictions attempting to curb delinquency 

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What are some ineffective programs for delinquency prevention?

  • Effective programs: Promising programs, Community Based programs, and Institutional Programs

  • Ineffective programs: DARE, Boot Camps, and Scared Straight 

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According to the podcast (Caught), what does “take a moment to breathe” mean? In particular, what does this mean in practice?

  • before impulsivity acting on a juvenile act they should take a breathe and compose themselves

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Are programs created and run by private organizations always effective in reducing reoffending? Explain.

  • no programs created by private organizations are not always proven to reducing or reoffending because case studies are often sponsored by their company or that there is no randomized controlled studies 

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  • According to Elliott et al. (2020), what are the four basic sets of standards for evaluating the effectiveness of program and practice approaches?

  • performance measurement

  • outcome measurement 

  • outcome evaluation

  • impact evaluation

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In the video, A Million Dollar Cage, what was Kent’s story and how did he overcome past challenges? Who are “credible messengers”?

Kent’s Story:
Detained as a teen, faced deportation, but was released after an ICE agent took pity.
Now advocates for juvenile justice reform and mentors youth.

Credible Messengers:
People with lived experience in the justice system who use their stories to guide at-risk youth.

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What are the important lessons we need to consider when creating a framework for prevention?

  • psychological factors matter

  • people age out of crime

  • develop skills for productive skills

  • prosocial lives

  • and fairness

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  • The operation of legal mechanisms of prevention at what two levels? Describe both types of prevention and its goals.

  • Population level General preventions 

    • aims to instill norms by expressing social disapproval  and punishing violators

    • discourage the population from engaging in prohibited activities by trying to impose sanctions 

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The operation of legal mechanisms of prevention at what two levels? Describe both types of prevention and its goals.

  • Individual Specific , Specific preventions 

    • preventing the particular person from committing future crime by intimidation  by threat of future penalties, incapacitation , rehabilitation

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What are delinquency dispositions in prevention?

  • dissipations is a phrase of delinquency proceedings  similar to sentencing of a adult trial 

    • judge must consider alternative and individualized sentences than making a standard

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What are some important aspects youth need in order to prevent delinquency?

  • Important aspects that prevent this can be social settings, family peer group, schools and community can inhibit well being.

  • And therapy 

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How are adolescent offenders and adult offenders different in terms of culpability?

  • adolescents  tend to have culpability, lack of self control, and increased susceptibility to peer influence and lack of good reasoning making them less culpable than adults 

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  • The committee concludes that science on adolescence and juvenile crime is likely to result in policies and practices that are effective and fair. Is there evidence of this in the juvenile justice system? Explain your answer.

Yes there tends to be more policies and practices that are effective and fair in terms of juvenile delinquency. They are held accountable but not with excessive sanctions, proportionality, procedural and perceived fairnesn

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