SNC2DY-a Biology Chapter 3 Test

cell specialization

cells develop in different ways to perform a specific function

factors influencing cell specialization

The cytoplasm (organelle distribution), environmental conditions (temperature & nutrients), and neighboring cells (cell interaction).

animal body organization

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

epithelial tissue

tightly packed sheets or columns of cells lining the organ and body

(skin, mouth cavity, digestive organs)

connective tissue

-various types of cells + fibres held together

strengthens, supports + connects cells +tissues

muscle tissue

bundles of muscle fibre containing specialized proteins shortening or lengthening

-skeletal, smooth, cardiac

nervous tissue

neurons with fine branches at the end capable of conducting electrical impulses

(brain, nerves)

transmits n stores information and responds to stimuli

stem cells

unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells n divides through mitosis and cytokinesis

embryonic stem cell

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into any kind of cell

adult stem cell

located in special areas around the body and can only only differentiate depending on location

ie: blood marrow stem cells can b: rbc, wbc, or platelets

umbilical cord

the reproductive system

manufacture cells that reproduce

ovaries testes

endocrine system

manufactures and releases hormones that w nervous system regulate body

glands

urinary system

to filter out excess waste water and nutrients from circulatory

kidneys bladder

lymphatic system

destroy n defend against viruses n bacteria

lymph nodes and white blood cells

skeletal system

provide support, protect delicate organs and attachment site for organs

bones, tendons

muscular system

for movement n controls movement of materials like heart stomach intestine

3 main muscle types

nervous system

relay information n electrical systems, controls and coordinates, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Intergumentary system

waterproof barrier

skin hair nails

4 phases of digestion

-ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

-digestive tract and organs

Mouth

-mechanical (teeth and tongue)

-carbs, fats, proteins r digested using enzymes and dig. juices

salivary glands

water, mucin (lubricates food), salivary amylase (enzyme that breaks down starch to maltose)

esophagus

muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, smooth muscle tissue contracts n relaxes pushing food (peristalsis)

stomach

-mechanical digestion--> churning

-enzymes and hydrochloric acid (epithelial)

-pepsinogen--> pepsin (protein digestion)

-HCl also kills bacteria

-chyme (liquid paste in small intestine)

small intestine

duodenum(mech. dig.) jejunum, ileum (absorption)

liver bile globs of fat into small droplets

pancreas enzymes break down 3 macros

amylase: carbs to glucose

protease: proteins to amino acids

lipase: fats into fatty acids

large intestine

Absorbs water and electrolytes and forms feces

holds waste

Respiratory system

-gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries.

nasal passages

air is warmed and moistened with mucus

have cilia to move mucus upwards

pharynx and larynx

carries air to the trachea and produces sound

trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

contains muscle tissue and epithetlial tissue(cartilaginous rings)

bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

capillaries

Smallest blood vessels on alveoli (diffuses air into and out of lungs)

inhalation

air into

rib cage and diaphraghm contract

pressure inside lungs

exhalation

breathing out

diaphraghm n rib cage relax

diaphraghm moves up

rib cage down and in

volume in chesr cavity decreases

gas exchange

by diffusion: oxygen moves into capillaries from alveoli and carbon dioxide moves into alveoli through capillaries

features of alveoli for gas exchange

-large surface area

-moist surface

-thin lining

-dense capillary network

features of capillaries for gas exchange

-dense network

-large surface area

-one cell thick lining easy diffusion

circulatory system

Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body

what is blood?

-connective tissue

-plasma (90% water, 10% dissolved substances)

n solid (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)

RBC, WBC, platelets

rbc: transports oxygen through hemoglobin

wbc: fights infection

platelets: blood clotting

3 types of blood vessels

arteries, veins, capillaries

arteries

carry blood away from the heart, thick n elastic walls, smaller artery=arteriole

veins

carry blood toward the heart, thin walls, valves (prevent backflow), small vains=venuoles

capillaries

carry blood from arteries to vains (not elastic, thin)

heart

four-chambered double pump that is responsible for the flow of blood in the body

left side of heart

deals with oxygenated blood

right side of the heart

deoxygenated blood (right n left divided by septum)

blood flow in the heart (to lungs)

-capillaries, venuoles, veins(superior/inferior vena cava), right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, left pulmonary artery, lungs

blood flow in the heart (from lungs)

-lungs, pulmonary veins (four 2 from each lung), left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries

nervous system

central (brain n spinal)

peripheral (nerves)

peripheral nervous system

1) nerves that control voluntary muscles

2) nerves that carry information from sensory organs

3) nerves that regulate involuntary functions

2 structures protecting CNS

-skull and celebrospinal fluid

what are nerves?

bundles of neurons wrapped in connective tissue

what is myelin sheath

-insulation preventing electrical impulses from passing to the wrong person

label the nerves

sensory receptors

Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation.

what types of information do sensory recepors detect?

-temperature, pain, nalance, position, motion, pressure

what is diabetes?

a disease in which the pancreas produces too little insulin

what is plaque? what is it caused by?

buildup of calcium and cholestrol

-inherited genetic information, poor lifestyle, high saturated fat diet, smoking, lack of exercise

what are symptoms of coronary artery disease?

tiredness, dizziness, pain, or a burning sensation in chest or arms (angina)

when coronary arteries are blocked what happens?

heart muscle cells dont get oxygen and nutrients n heart tissue dies

symptoms of heart attack

-chest pain, shortness of breath dizziness, anxiety

2 tests to check for attack

-blood test (certain proteins that occur 4-6 hours aftter heart muscle tissue is damaged)

-electrocardiogram (ECG)--> measures electrical signals of the heart (diff when damaged)

what causes tuberculosis? where can it spread?

airborne bacteria

spreads to nervous system n bones

symptoms and problems of TB?

fever cough, weight loss, tiredness, chest pain

can be fatal, pneumonia shows similar results on xray

bacteria may remain dormant in the body for decades

cancers that happen from smoking

lung, bladder, esophagus, mouth

what are symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

-high fever, shortness of breath, dry cough, sore throat, headache, muscle pain, exhaustion

what is osteoporosis? what is it caused by?

-loss of bone tissue making them weak n brittlle

-caused by calcium deficit

what is multiple sclerosis? what are symptoms and diagnostic methods?

-malfunction of the immune system (attacks n destroys myelin sheath)

-muscle weakness, slurred speech, difficulty walking

-use MRI

what are 4 organs that can be transplanted?

-skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, intestines

what are 4 transplantable tissues?

cornea, skin, bones, tendons, blood vessels

what is the downfall of transplant and what can be done to reduce it?

-rejection of organs and immune system fighting it

-take drugs to reduce immunity and similar genetic makeup organs

what are living donor organs?

-kidney, lung lobe, part of liver

deceased donor organs?

heart, lungs, intestines, face

what are advantages of using relatives to transplant organs

-better genetic match n less waiting time

what is xenotransplantation?

-transplanting animal organs into human bodies

-pig heart valve --> human heart valve

plants have 2 systems

root system and shoot system

root system

anchors, absorbs and stores

shoot system

leaf: photosynthesis

flower: sexual reproduction

stem: supports and transports

plant stem cells (both types)

meristematic cells

(apical in tips of roots and shoots) (elongation)

(lateral in roots and stems of woody plants) (widening)

3 main types of tissue for plants

-dermal vascular and ground (all specialized)

dermal tissue

outermost

epidermal: leaf produces wax (cuticle) to help waterproof, root has hairs to absorb water n minerals

peridermal: forms on bark, stems roots

vascular tissue

-transportation

-xylem and phloem

-xylem is dead and upwards (water n minerals)

-ploem is living goes up n down (sugar, minerals, hormones, nutrients)

ground tissue

filler tissue

-green parts is where photosynthesis occurs

-roots store carbs

-stem has support and storage

where are chloroplasts located in a typical leaf?

-pallisade mesophyll (tall and closely packed)

-spongy mesophyll (loose and larger spaces)

what are the openings in a leaf?

stomata (stomate, stoma)

guard cells control opening and closing of the stomata (located in upper and lower epidermis)

expand during the day to allow co2 and o2 to diffuse in and out

if dry, stomata closes

cross section of a leaf

composed of cuticle, upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade, xylem, phloem, spongy cells, guard cells, veins and cutin