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Free African Americans in the North

Few had suffrage, used limited access to public facilities/ stores, jobs with little skill, own property, & always poor

In some cities black children were alloud to attend schools

Free African Americans in the South

\-denied job opportunities

\-not allowed to attend public schools

\-couldn't vote or hold jury, testify against white defendants in court

freedom never secure-slave catchers looked for runaways and captured free blacks into slavery

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Why did people move west?

for improved economic opportunities

for security in owning land

to improve their way of life

The Black Hawk War

promised that the NA people could have the central plains if they promised to not impede the building of roads and forts. The treaty was not honored by the government and they pushed the NA people further off

Treaty of Fort Laramie

the 1851 treaty that restricted American Indians to specific areas away from the major trails. it did not work out because As more settlers moved west, the more settlers settled their land.

Santa Fe Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to Santa Fe New Mexico in the mid-1800s. traders brought clothes, knives and guns

Oregon Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to portland Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s

Mormon

a religious community that would play a major role in the settling of the West

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Webster Ashburton treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Brigham Young

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

Oregon Treaty

an agreement between Britain and the United States. It came into force on 15 June 1846. It formalized the border between the United States and British North America west of the Rocky Mountains.

Stephen F. Austin (significance)

The first man to bring Anglo settlers to Texas. Established a colony, Austin, and issued land grants to hundreds of families.

The Mission System

a way of living used by the Spanish in the Americas, in which settlements were designed to convert local Indians to Catholicism and make them into loyal Spanish subjects

Land Grants

Government gifts of land

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican president who led an army against Texas

Texas revolution

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

The Alamo

a mission and fort in San Antonio, Texas, where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

What happened when the united states anexed Texas

They incooperated the texas republic into the united states.

James K Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

main Tension between Mexico and America

Slavery

Texas Independence

March 2, 1836, as the battle of the alamo was raging texans declared independence from Mexico.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

President polk's War

Nickname for The Mexican-American War

What did Polk want Zachary Taylor to do?

To march the rio grande and blockade the river

Sectionalism during the Mexican American War

Southerners saw this as an opportunity to expand slavery and ncrease southern power in congress. Northerners opposed the war, seeing it as a plot to expand slavery and ensure southern domination of the Union.

Stephen Kearny

Commander of the Army of the West in the Mexican War, marched all the way to California, securing New Mexico.

Republic of California

the nation proclaimed by American settlers in California when they declared their independence from Mexico in 1846

What did Fremont do?

Led a group of american settlers and siezed the town of Sonoma in June 1846.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Winfield Scott

United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)

What did Polk And Santa Anna agree upon?

they agreed if polk would help him sneak back to mexico, Santa Anna promised he would end the war and mediate the border dispute. However, when Santa Anna returned he resumed presidency and took command of the army

Thomas Jefferson dreamed the united states would become "an empire of\___________"

Liberty

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Gadsden Purchase

1853 purchase by the United States of southwestern lands from Mexico

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Gold Rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

forty-niners

people who went to California during the gold rush of 1849

From where did most people come from during the gold rush?

Asia, South America, Europe

How did the gold rush change California?

It expanded the population, transformed the economy, and diversified the nation

What factors drew settlers west?

mainly Economic opportunities and land

What developements caused the United STates to go to war with Mexico?

a disputed boundary between the United States and Texas on the Nueces Strip

How were minorities discriminated against during the gold rush?

Some miners would cut of the long braided hair of Chinese immigrants to show their dislike, and some Chinese immigrants were victims of violent attacks. Many free African Americans came to California and struck it out rich, but even then they did not have the same rights as rich white men.

Why was california such a good place for entrepreneurs?

Because of the growing population, there were many job oppertunities like inkeepers, grocers, carpenters, blacksmiths, police officers, and other wokers.

Charles Gradison Finney

A famous preacher who inspired many with his meaningful words. Preachers like Finney rejected the 18-century Calcinistic belief that God predetermined one's spot in heaven or hell.

Evangelism

religious activism

What did the Era of Reform include

Schools, women's rights, prison, and abolition

How was American society changing?

Industrial growth, immigration and migration, and new means of communication.

The Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

What were reformed ways of thinking involving religion?

They believed that rather your spot in heaven or hell is predetermined, that individual responsibility for salvation could improve themselves and society.

What did these new religious ideals promote?

Religious ideas promoted individualism and responsibility; Christians believed that it was their moral duty to improve the lives of others and called for reform for unjust practices, like slavery and poor treatment of workers.

What is a revival?

A revival is an emotional meeting designed to awaken religious faith through preaching and prayer.

Why did not all Americans embrace revival?

Some traditional ministers protested any change of religious customs. They feared that this would threaten the stability of the church.

How did the Second Great Awakening affect African American communities?

The 2nd great awakening also brought christianity to enslaved african americans because this new belief promoted that all people, black or white, belonged to the same god.

Slaves practiced the same religious ideologies as slave owners. They worshiped in the same churches, heard the same sermons, and sang the same hymes.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Transcendentalism

This was a philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Unitarianisms

They emphasized the reason and appeals to conscience as the paths of perfection. Unitarians had a well educated, wealthy following.

Utopian Communities

were experimental groups who tried to create utopias, or perfect places to live.

School Reform Movement

Leader: Horace Mann

Target: To establish a system of tax-supported pubic schools

Method: They set up schools that were available and free for all children

Success: Yes, children were all able to attend school

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Prison Reform and Care of the Disabled Movement

movement to create state hospitals to care for the disabled instead of placing them in prisons, creation of juvenile correctional facilities, and the work to rehabilitate prisoners while in prison; movement led by Dorthea Dix

Dorthea Dix

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.

how was MA an educational leader

They were the start of public education

The first to have a law about students attending schools

Wanted kids to attend school to get them out of working in factories

Methodist Church

an independent Protestant church founded by John Wesley, which began as a reform movement within the Church of England. It differed from the Church of England in its greater emphasis on personal spirituality, Bible study, evangelistic preaching, and lively services

abolition

Movement to end slavery

Baptist Church

one of the major Protestant denominations in Georgia; grew rapidly from 1790-1830.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

emancipation

the freeing of slaves

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Fredrick Douglass (1817-1895)

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer.

Free African Americans in the West

economic freedom gradually dropped, and laws were passed limiting rights and freedoms.

Rural Slavery

plantations, field work, house workers

Urban Slavery

skilled labor, more freedoms

Urban Slavery vs. Rural Slavery

\-Slavery in Urban areas was slower than in rural areas.

\-Urban slaves worked in tougher environments but they were more humane than rural slaves.

\-Most urban slaves were women and just help around the house.

\-Rural slaves work in the fields all day long

\-Some urban slaves were able to perform highly skilled tasks, and eventually worked for their freedom.

\-more rural slaves were hired than urban slaves.

\-Urban slaves had anonymity which provided them more freedom to interact and progress their culture.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Antebellum

Pre-Civil War

The Virginia debate on slavery of 1832

Debated but then rejected a measure calling for the gradual abolition of slavery.

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Amistad (1839)

Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition.

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Education for Women

Was frowned upon because it removed the women from their domesticity

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Journeyman

A person who has learned a particular trade or craft but has not become an employer, or master

Lowell Mills

textile mill located in a factory town in Massachusetts that employed farm girls who lived in company-owned boardinghouses

Mill Girls

Women who worked at textile mills who were thus given new freedoms and independence not seen before.

Conditions at Lowell Mills

\-Long hours

\-Boring repetitive work

\-harsh rules

Strikes at Lowell

1834(strike over pay cut)

1836 (strike over higher board charges

1845( Lowell female labor reform association founded

national trades union

the first national association of trade unions, formed in 1834