Chapter 15 2.0 Flashcards

Cellulose

• carbohydrate that cannot be digested by humans because Beta form of the linkages

• is used to build cell walls in plants

• not yield maltose when partially hydrolyzed

Maltose

• disaccharide that occurs as a breakdown product of starch

• consists of two glucose molecules

Glycogen

• carbohydrate that stores energy in the human body (short term)

• most highly branched polysaccharide

Galactose

• monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose

• OH on top

Lactose

• disaccharide found in milk and milk products

• a sugar composed of glucose and galactose upon hydrolysis, important for providing energy.

• reducing sugar

Sucrose

• disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose

Fructose

• monosaccharide found in fruit juices and honey, the sweetest carbohydrate

• structure consisting of a five-member ring and commonly used as a sweetener in food.

• non-reducing sugar

Amylose

unbranched carbohydrate that stores glucose in plants

Glucose

• produces amylopectin, glycogen, and maltose upon hydrolysis

• OH on bottom

Monosaccharides

• simple carbs and sugars

• CANNOT be hydrolyzed

• reduction: sugar alcohols

• ex: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

Ribose

• five-member ring sugar that is a crucial component of RNA, playing a vital role in cellular metabolism.

• reducing sugar

Disaccharides

• Carbohydrates formed by the union of two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond. Examples include sucrose and lactose.

Polysaccharides

• complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharides. They serve various functions, including energy storage and structural support. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

Glycosidic bond

• a type of ether bond that links monosaccharides in disaccharides and polysaccharides by a condensation reaction.

Reducing Sugars

• aldoses

• form a carboxylic acid

• oxidation: loss of electrons, oxidized to acid

• reduction: gain of electrons, reduces another compound; ALL monosaccharides

• ex: maltose,ribose and glucose

Non-reducing sugars

• ketoses

• CANNOT be oxidized and reduced

• ex: sucrose, fructose

Fischer projection

• a two-dimensional representation of a molecule that depicts the arrangement of atoms and bonds, commonly used for carbohydrates to show stereochemistry.

Haworth structure

• a cyclic form of a sugar molecule that illustrates the stereochemistry of the ring structure, commonly used for monosaccharides.

Glycosidic bond in maltose, lactose

alpha (1-4)

Glycosidic bond in cellulose

beta (1-4)

Lactase

An enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, facilitating its digestion.

Amylopectin Vs. Amylose

Amylopectin is a branched polymer of glucose, alpha (1-6). While amylose is a linear polymer. Both are components of starch and have different structural properties.

Oxidation of glucose in Benedict’s solution produces….

carboxylic acid

Starch

a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in plants, composed of amylose and amylopectin.

Alpha

OH is on the BOTTOM

Beta

OH is on TOP

Glycosidic bond for glycogen

alpha (1-4) and alpha (1-6)

Aldoses

form 6 member ring

Ketoses

form 5 member ring

Enantiomer

a stereoisomer that is a mirror image of another molecule.