Geography Revision <3

Development

Improvement of people’s quality of life and standard of living.

(Factors influencing development, social factors) Access to education and healthcare

Availability and quality of educational institutions and healthcare services that impact development.

(Factors influencing development, social factors) Gender equality

Equal rights and opportunities for all genders that contribute to societal progress.

(Factors influencing development, social factors) Literacy rate

Percentage of the population that can read and write, indicating human capital.

(Factors influencing development, economic factors) Employment rate

Proportion of the working-age population that is employed, indicating economic activity.

(Factors influencing development, economic factors) Trade and investment

International trade and foreign investment that can stimulate economic growth.

(Factors influencing development, economic factors) Good infrastructure

Includes roads, railways, and communication networks that improve trade and investment.

(Factors influencing development, economic factors) Industrialization

Process that helps a country grow by creating jobs and increasing productivity.

(Factors influencing development, physical factors) Climate

Climate conditions such as droughts and monsoons that affect agricultural productivity.

(Factors influencing development, physical factors) Natural hazards

Events like earthquakes and floods that can hinder development progress.

(Factors influencing development, physical factors) Natural resources

Materials available that are essential for basic needs and economic activities.

(Factors influencing development, historical and political factors) Colonialism

Past exploitation or underdevelopment due to colonial rule with long-lasting effects.

(Factors influencing development, historical and political factors) Stability of government

A stable and transparent government that fosters development.

(How to measure development) GDP/GNI per capita

Average income per person in a country, providing economic output relative to population size.

(How to measure development) Human Development Index (HDI)

Combines life expectancy, education, and income per capita for a holistic measure of development.

(How to measure development, other indicators) Literacy rate

Percentage of the population that can read and write

(How to measure development, other indicators) Access to clean water

Proportion of the population with access to safe drinking water.

(How to measure development, other indicators) Birth/death/infant mortality rates

Indicators of healthcare quality and living conditions.

Positive impacts of development

Higher income, improved services (health and education), better quality of life.

Negative impacts of development

Environmental degradation, urban overcrowding, inequality, cultural loss.

(Economic Sectors) Primary sector

Economic activities involving extraction of raw materials from the earth. E.g: Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining.

(Economic Sectors) Secondary sector

Economic activities involving processing raw materials into finished goods, e.g., manufacturing, factories, construction, and manufacturing plants.

(Economic Sectors) Tertiary sector

Economic activities providing services to businesses and consumers, e.g., healthcare, retail, tourism and education

(Economic Sectors) Quaternary sector

Knowledge-based activities like research and development, e.g., scientific research, information technology, astronaut and consulting.

Low-Income Country (LIC)

Countries with low GNI, poor infrastructure, and high poverty rates.

Newly Emerging Economy (NEE)

Countries with rapid economic growth and improving industry and services.

High-Income Country (HIC)

Countries with high GNI and strong tertiary/quaternary sectors.

Benefits of investing in LICs

Creates jobs, boosts infrastructure, improves health and education outcomes, reduces poverty, encourages long-term economic growth

Indigenous peoples

People native to a region before colonization, often with unique cultures.

Population pyramid

A graph showing age and sex structure of a population.

(Population pyramid shape) Wide base:

high birth rate, youthful population (common in LIC’s)

(Population pyramid shape) Narrow base, wider top:

low birth rate, ageing population (common in HICs).

Densely populated

An area where many people live, often cities or river valleys.

Sparsely populated

An area with low population density, like deserts or mountains.

Population distribution

How people are spread out across a region or country.

(Population distribution) Uneven globally, influenced by:

Physical factors: climate, water supply, relief.

Human factors: job opportunities, infrastructure, historical development.

Natural resources

Materials from the Earth used to meet human needs.

Renewable energy/resources

Resources that can replenish, e.g., solar, wind, and water.

Non-renewable energy/resources

Resources with a finite supply, e.g., fossil fuels and minerals.

Fuel economies…

influence development levels