Metabolic Pathways pt 1; Catabolic Pathways

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17 Terms

1
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Catabolic Pathways

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

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Aerobic Respiration

Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel

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Anaerobic Respiration

Organic fuel is broken down without oxygen

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Fermentation

Partial breakdown of organic fuel (sugars) without oxygen

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Cellular Respiration

Aerobic (and anaerobic) respiration

  • exergonic

<p><strong>Aerobic</strong> (and anaerobic) <strong>respiration</strong></p><ul><li><p>exergonic</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Redox

The transfer of electrons from one molecules to another. Always coupled!

<p>The transfer of electrons from one molecules to another. Always coupled!</p>
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Reducing Agent

Molecules that gives up electrons and becomes oxidized

<p>Molecules that gives up electrons and becomes oxidized</p>
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Oxidizing agent

Molecule that receives electrons and becomes reduced

<p>Molecule that receives electrons and becomes reduced</p>
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Combustion of Methane

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

Is an electron transporter (“shuttle”)

  • Facilitates the electron transfer over multiple steps in the breakdown of glucose

  • It’s a coenzyme and oxidizing agent

  • It can cycle between an oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) form

<p><strong>Is an electron transporter (“shuttle”)</strong></p><ul><li><p>Facilitates the electron transfer over multiple steps in the breakdown of glucose</p></li><li><p>It’s a coenzyme and oxidizing agent</p></li><li><p>It can cycle between an oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) form</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Electron Transport Chain

  • IF the transfer of electrons was uncontrolled

    • One big release of energy, with LOTS of heat loss

  • IF controlled by the cell

    • Small releases of energy at each step, which can be used to make more ATP

    • e- get removed from glucose and are transferred to the ETC

<ul><li><p><strong>IF the transfer of electrons was uncontrolled</strong></p><ul><li><p>One big release of energy, with LOTS of heat loss</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><ul><li><p><strong>IF</strong> <strong>controlled by the cell</strong></p><ul><li><p>Small releases of energy at each step, which can be used to make more ATP</p></li><li><p><em>e- </em>get removed from glucose and are transferred to the ETC</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Substrate-level phosphorylation

  • An enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, forming ATP

  • The substrate is generated as an intermediate in the breakdown of glucose

  • Direct transfer of energy to ATP

  • Accounts for about 10% of ATP generation during cellular respiration

  • Occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria

<ul><li><p>An enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, forming ATP</p></li><li><p>The substrate is generated as an intermediate in the breakdown of glucose</p></li><li><p>Direct transfer of energy to ATP</p></li><li><p>Accounts for about <span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong>10% of ATP</strong></span> generation during cellular respiration</p></li><li><p>Occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Oxidative phosphorylation

  • Energy is released from electrons in the ETC makes a H+ gradient

  • This gradient is used to drive a protein complex called ATP synthase

  • Indirect transfer of energy to ATP

  • Makes approx. 90% of ATP during cellular respiration

  • Mitochondria only

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Overview of Cellular Respiration

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Glycolysis

Means “sugar-splitting”

  • Glucose (6-carbon sugar) is split into two 3-carbon sugars

  • No loss of carbon

<p>Means “sugar-splitting”</p><ul><li><p>Glucose (6-carbon sugar) is split into two 3-carbon sugars</p></li><li><p>No loss of carbon</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Energy Investment Phase Glycolysis

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