3242 Test 1

Why do we care about animal nutrition?

feeding animals, making money, costs, genetic potential, animal welfare

Phentotype =

the summation of (Genotype + experiences)

Nutrition

the sum of the processes by which an animal or plant takes in and utilized food substances

In animals, nutrition is made up of...

ingest nutrients/feed, digest feed, absorb nutrients, assimilate (utilize) nutrients

feedstuff/food

edible materials consumed by animals that contribute nutrients to the animal's diet

diet

feed ingredient or mixture of feed ingredients that is consumed by an animal

ration

the amount of total feed (diet) provided to an animal over 1 day

nutrient

any chemical substance that provides nourishment to the body or supports life processes

What are the 6 nutrient classes?

carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, water

What are organic nutrients?

those that contain carbon - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

Are all nutrients required?

No

required nutrients

an animal must consume that nutrient class to live and function

is required the same as essential

no

building block

monomer that make nutrient polymer(most we consume are polymer)

Plants require less nutrients than animals because...

they can make AA from N while animals can't

What % of animal species body is water?

50-85%

Muscle is about what % water?

75%

What are some sources of water?

free water(drinking), water content of feedstuffs (moisture), metabolic water(02 is the terminal acceptor of electrons in the ETC making it turn to water)

What nutrient can you become deficient in the fastest?

water

Fatty animals have a ______ water content % than leaner animals.

lower

What are some functions of water?

biological solvent and transport, heat dissipation, dietary source of minerals

What are some ways that water acts as a biological solvent and transporter

blood, digesta, waste removal, and diluting

What are the required nutrients?

water, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins

What elements make up carbohydrates?

C, H, O

What are the building blocs of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

What are 2 sources of carbohydrates?

main component of feed (especially plants, mainly CHO), formed by photosynthesis

What are three types of carbohydrates?

sugars, starches, fiber

Sugars are _______ while starches are ________.

disaccharides, polysaccharides

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

energy, provide building blocks for other nutrients

what are the different ways that carbohydrates function as a energy source?

supply energy, provide heat, short-term energy storage (glycogen) energy transfer reactions

Why are carbohydrates not required?

we can get energy from different sources and we can make glucoses through gluconeogenesis

What is a more appropriate term for proteins?

nitrogenous compounds because they include some non protein things.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

What elements make up proteins?

C, H, O, N and sometimes S

What are some sources of protein?

greater in animal products than plant products, found in seeds and leaves of plants

What are the types of proteins?

protein vs non protein, animal vs plants, lipoproteins and glycoproteins compounds

Some major places you can find proteins in the body

enzymes, organelles, connectors

Plants structures are made out of

carbohydrates

Starch is made up of ______ while cellulose is made up of ______

alpha glucose, beta glucose

What can digest beta glucose?

only microbes in the small intestine, rumen, etc.

Where do peptide bonds form?

Between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.

What are monomers?

amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins

What two things make a macronutrient essential

1- has to be taken in through the diet 2- the body cannot produce large enough quantities of it

What two things make a macronutrient non-essential?

1- doesn't have to be in the diet, 2- body can produce enough of it in the presence of substrates

How many essential amino acids are there?

10

what are the functions of proteins?

structural (muscle, collagen, skin, hair, wool, elastin

metabolic function (enzymes and hormones)

movement (contractile proteins)

Immune function (antibodies)

Provides energy (lower priority and only if proteins are in excess)

Why are proteins essential?

their amino acids

What elements are lipids made up of?

C, H, O in ratios with certain structures

What is the building block of lipids?

fatty acids

what is the defining characteristic of lipids?

insoluble in water

why is fat content in higher in animals rather than plants?

we store energy as fat while plants store energy as glucose

Name types of lipids?

simple lipids- fats, oils, and waxes (fats and oils are also known as triglycerides)

compound lipids (lipids combined with carbohydrates or proteins)

sterols- steroid building blocks

more double bonds in fatty acids mean

more bend

what are the functions of lipids?

supply energy, provide essential fatty acids, carrier for lipid-soluble vitamins, and constituent of cell membranes

How much more energy do lipids provide compared to carbohydrates and protein

2.25 times

name three essential fatty acids

linoleic acid (C18

what 3 macronutrients provide energy?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

What element is our energy source

carbon

How do we measure energy?

calories

what types of storage do we have for energy?

short and long term

What life processes require energy?

maintenance and production

Is energy a nutrient? is it required?

no but it comes from nutrients, yes

What are the micro nutrients?

vitamins and minerals

What are the macronutrients?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water

micronutrients

required at low concentrations in the diet

What are minerals

inorganic elements (complexed typically)

What are the macro minerals

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S

What are the micro minerals

Fe, Se, Co, Mo, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, I, F

what are some functions of minerals?

cofactor for enzymes and essential metabolic reactions, body structure, pH and water balance

Are mineral required? essential?

yes and yes

What are vitamins?

organic compounds (made up of C, H, O, and others - sometimes N)

What are the two types of vitamins?

water soluble (through hydrogen bonding) and fat soluble

What are the water soluble vitamins?

B vitamins and vitamin C

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

Are vitamins required?

yes

What are some functions of vitamins?

co-factor for enzymes, immune function (C), hormone regulation, bone formation, antioxidants, vision (A), blood clotting (K)

Is the lumen inside or outside of the body? Why?

inside, hasn't been absorbed and taken into cells

What are the two main functions of the lumen?

defense against pathogens (70% of immune system), absorb nutrients

What are some roles of the GI tract?

defense against pathogens, absorb nutrients, digest feeds, excreting waste, more food along GI tract

what is waste?

nutrients we can't break down or absorb

the more complex the type of diet an animal has, the more ________ the digestive system

complex

Name the major organs of the digestive tract of simple monogastric

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum/anus

Name the accessory organs of the digestive tract of a simple monogastric

liver, gall bladder, pancreas, kidneys, salivary glands, brain

digesting _____ material is easier than digesting _____ material

animal, plant

The guts get the first....

dips on nutrients to use them before distributing

foregut

before SI

hindgut

after SI

Midgut

SI

Name the 4 main groups of monogastrics and give examples of each

simple - humans, pigs dogs - omnivores

simple interstitial tract (short SI and LI) - cats - carnivores

complex foregut (before and after stomach) - poultry - omnivores

complex hindgut/hindgut fermenters - horses, rabbits - herbivores

Name the main group of progastric fermenters and give an example

ruminant - cattle, sheep - herbivores

what is the crop?

first stop for feed, some species experience fermentation here but not our domesticated species