AP Pysch Nutshell pt 4

intelligence

the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge

how should an individual's intelligence be measured? can intelligence be accurately measured?

major intelligence questions

IQ

intelligence quotient; Lewis Terman; average \= 100; mental age/chronological age * 100 (stanford-binet test)

nature vs nurture

is intelligence a matter of genetics or a product of environment? (genetics may be ~70%, but siblings raised together have more similar IQ scores than those raised apart)

flynn effect

successive generations are scoring higher on IQ scores; evidence that environment plays a role in intelligence

cultural bias

some argue that IW tests are slanted toward certain racial/ethnic groups, making the scores unfair to those of certain minority groups

howard gardner

eight different types of intelligence exist (linguistic/verbal, logical/mathematical, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist)

charles spearman

two-factor theory; intelligence is made up of general factor (overall intelligence) and specific abilities (s factors)

triarchic theory

robert sternberg; intelligence is made of three parts: practical, analytical, creative

practical

triarchic theory: allows one to cope/thrive in their environment

analytical

triarchic theory: logical reasoning

creative

triarchic theory: inventive problem solving

raymond cattell

intelligence is fluid or crystallized, and fluid intelligence weakens with age

fluid intelligence

rapid processing of information to make new connections/novel solutions

crystallized intelligence

knowledge acquired over lifespan

achievement and aptitude

two types of intelligence tests

achievement tests

what you have learned (terra nova, ISAT, prairie state)

aptitude tests

what you are capable of learning (ACT, SAT, LSAT, MCAT)

valid

the test measures what it claims to measure

reliable

the results are consistent over time/attempts

motivation

the drive to complete a task/goal; can be biological in nature (primary) or learned (secondary)

charles darwin theory of motivation

instinct; certain responses take place unlearned (ex. survival)

drive-reduction theory of motivation

we are motivated by needs and the desire to satisfy these needs; needs are primary (innate) or secondary (learned)

hunger, thirst, sleep, pain avoidance, sex

primary motivations; based on survival needs; people tend to seek homeostasis

alfred kinsey

regarded by some as the father of the scientific study of human sexuality. Published a series of reports which described common sexual behaviors in the US

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)

hunger

the most studied of the primary motivations; number of hormones involved

leptin and PYY

hunger: involved in the feeling of satiation (satisfaction/fullness)

orexin and grehlin

hunger: growling stomach, involved in creating sensation of hunger

hypothalamus

plays a crucial role in hunger regulation

anorexia nervosa

refusal to eat, often coupled with extreme exercise; more common in females

bulimia nervosa

eating large quantities of food, with immediate attempts to purge it out of the body

binge eating

eating large quantities of food without attempt to purge

incentive

people are driven to achieving a goal/reward; depend on the situation/individual

arousal

condition in which the sympathetic nervous system is in control

negatively

once alertness is past the optimal level, performance starts to be \___ affected (ex choking in sports)

yerkes-dodson law

for complex tasks, lower levels of arousal are better; simple tasks tend to need higher alertness levels

hierarchy of needs

maslow; people are good and seek to realize their best self; in order to reach self-actualization, people need to have lower needs fulfilled

maslow hierarchy of needs

Physiological \-----\> Safety \-----\> Belonging and love \-----\> Self esteem \-----\> Self actualization

social motivation theory

motivation to achieve is learned and has high positive correlation with a person being independent as a child; those with high motivation for achievement tend to choose moderately challenging tasks (require more than luck, but aren't impossible)

individualistic culture

those from an \___ \___ will tend to focus on their success/failure

collectivist culture

those from a \___ \___ seek success for the group

intrinsic motivation

the drive to complete the task comes from within the individual; theory y management

theory y management

manager gives employees responsibility, looks for input. Good for high level jobs

extrinsic motivation

the drive to complete the task comes from outside the person; seen in theory x management

theory x management

manager controls employees, enforces rules. Good for lower level jobs

weaken, social praise

overall, the presence of extrinsic motivations will cause intrinsic motivation to \___; the one exception is \___ \___

joy, anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, contempt

seven basic emotions

frustration

anger is the product of \____, the inability to complete a goal

stress

all emotions create \___, resulting in the release of the hormones adrenaline and cortisol

stress

the process of perceiving and responding to challenging experiences; reaction seen through emotions and physical reactions

stressor

an event or situation that causes stress

eustress

positive stress when a person accepts challenges and achieves goals

distress

negative stress marked by high levels of tension that may result in physical consequences

sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight), hypothalamus and pituitary gland (release hormones like cortisol)

two-part physical response to stress

type A personalities

respond to stress in an aggressive, emotional matter; more motivated overall and are more likely to suffer the negative consequences of stress

type B personalities

respond to stress in a calmer, more rational matter

conflict

a situation where there are two or more incompatible outcomes; may result in increased stress

approach-approach conflict

two things that a person desires to do, but only one can be done

avoidance-avoidance conflict

two things that a person doesn't want to do, but one must

approach-avoidance conflict

a situation that attracts and repels an individual at the same time

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

there are more than one positive/negative factors at the same time

james-lange theory of emotion

emotional response occurs after physical reaction to the stimulus; supported by facial feedback hypothesis; names for william james

facial feedback hypothesis

muscles that are responsible for creating faces help shape the emotions we feel

extreme emotional responses cause similar physical reactions

criticism of james-lange theory

cannon-bard theory of emotion

body reactions and emotional responses occur at the same time

ledoux dual path theory of emotion

when stimuli is seen by the eye, it travels to the thalamus, and then either takes the fast path to the amygdala or the slow path to the cerebral cortex for interpretation; emotional reaction may happen before you understand why

schachter-singer (two-factor) theory of emotion

emotion is created by individual interpretation and aroused body state; labeling plays a key role in determining the emotion being experienced

personality

the relatively stable patterns of behaviors, beliefs, and characteristics of an individual

psychoanalytic theory of personality

personality evolves from unresolved childhood conflicts and/or unconscious sexual/violent desires; freud believed people are generally unpleasant (of course he did) but are effective at hiding it from themselves/each other

unconscious (hidden unacceptable self), preconscious (person aware, but not concentrating at present), conscious (the current self)

psychoanalytic: freud believed the mind operated at three levels

thanatos (death, the dark unpleasant side) and eros (love, self-preservation)

psychoanalytic: two parts of personality process formed by the unconscious

libido

sexual desire; formed by thanatos and eros and formed of life instincts (particularly sex)

fear castration by their fathers and seek an exclusive relationship with their mother

freud's weird thoughts on what men think

seek having their own male genitalia and an exclusive relationship with their father

freud's weird thoughts on what women think

oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

electra complex

according to freud, the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

latency

6-11 years, libido becomes hidden

10-12

according to freud, personality is formed over the first \___-\___ years of life

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

id, ego, superego

freud's three parts of personality

id

unconscious; seeks pleasure; we are all *this* at birth (freud)

ego

conscious/preconscious; involved in problem-solving and rational thought (freud)

superego

all levels; a person's ideal behavior/conscience; develops during childhood (freud)

defense mechanisms

freud: methods employed by an individual unconsciously to keep the ego from being overwhelmed by anxiety/unhealthy thoughts

repression

defense mechanism; unconscious blocking of event

supression

defense mechanism: conscious blocking of event

denial

defense mechanism: refusal to accept reality

displacement

defense mechanism: taking frustration out on weaker party not responsible as the source of frustration

sublimation

defense mechanism: channeling frustration into positive acceptable behaviors

projection

defense mechanism: placing one's unacceptable behavior on another

rationalization

defense mechanism: finding excuses for behavior

reaction formation

defense mechanism: it's opposite day. acting in direct opposition to your true feelings (you love what you hate)

regression

defense mechanism: acting out in an age-inappropriate matter

based on case studies (not empirical research), narrow class of individuals (upper-class europeans), lack of replication, overemphasis on sex

criticisms of freud (other than he weird)

psychodynamic theory of personality

neo-freudian; emphasize unconscious/childhood experiences, but deemphasize sex drives

carl jung

neo-freudian; spiritual emphasis on unconscious (personal and collective); introduced terms introvert and extrovert

personal unconscious

repressed individual memories that are unpleasant

collective unconscious

set of inherited images/experiences found throughout humanity; images known as archetypes

shadow

jung archetype; the repressed dark side