INTRO TO BIOCHEMISTRY QUIZ 1

• Chemistry of the living cell

• Uses basic laws of chemistry, biology, and physics to explain process of living cells

• The study of life at a molecular level

• Study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other

• Chemistry of the living cell

• Uses basic laws of chemistry, biology, and physics to explain process of living cells

• The study of life at a molecular level

• Study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other

State what is biochemistry

Biochemical substance

a chemical substance found in a living organism

• Bioinorganic substances- water and inorganic salts

• Bioorganic substance- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

What are the two types of biochemical substances?

Describe life process at molecular level

What is the goal of biochemistry?

• Lead us to fundamental understanding of life

• Understand important issues in medicine, health and nutrition

• Advance biotechnology industries

Why study biochemistry?

application of biological cells, cell components, and biological properties to technically and industrially useful operations

What is Biotechnology?

T

Bioinorganic and bioorganic substances have no life in and of themselves. Yet when these substances are gathered together in a cell, their chemical interactions are able to sustain life. (T/F)

T

It is estimated that more than half of all organic carbon atoms are found in the carbohydrate materials of plants. (T/F)

cotton and linen

Carbohydrates in the form of ______ and ______ are used as clothing

wood

Carbohydrates in the form of ____ are used for shelter and heating and in making paper.

Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Informational Biochemistry, Bioenergetics

What are the areas of study of biochemistry?

Chemical structures and 3D arrangements of molecules

What is Structural and Functional Biochemistry?

Language for storing biological data and for transmitting that data in cells and organisms. (molecular genetics)

What is Informational Biochemistry?

The flow of energy in living organisms and how it is transferred from one process to another

What is Bioenergetics?

CHONPS

Most biological compounds are made of only SIX elements:

T

Only 31 chemical elements occur naturally in plants and animals (T/F)

• All organisms have similar biochemical pathways

• All organisms use the same genetic code

• Limited number of molecular building blocks make up larger macromolecules

Living systems appear complex but there is an underlying simplicity:

• ___ organisms have ______ biochemical pathways

• All organisms use the same _______ ______

• Limited ________ of molecular building blocks make up larger ______________.

Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism

State the organization of life

Any carbon-containing group

What does “R” represent in a functional group?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids (Proteins). Nucleic acids

What are the 4 major classes of biomolecules that serve as building blocks for larger macromolecules?

Main source of cellular energy. Glucose, fructose, sucrose

What is carbohydrate and state the examples of it?

• Fats

• Organic compounds that are not very water soluble

• source of cellular energy

• components of cell membranes

What are lipids?

• 20 natural amino acids in total

• Building blocks for protein

What are amino acids?

• 5 in total (T (U), C, A, G)

• Used as building blocks for DNA and RNA precursors

What are nucleotides?

Vitamins

Organic compounds necessary for proper growth and development

Heme

Organometallic compound containing iron, for transporting oxygen in blood stream

Fatty acids, Phospholipid, Membrane

What is the monomer, polymer, and supramolecular structure of lipids?

Amino acids, protein subunit, protein complex

What is the monomer, polymer, and supramolecular structure of proteins?

Glucose, Cellulose, Cell wall

What is the monomer, polymer, and supramolecular structure of carbohydrate?

Nucleotide, DNA, Chromosome

What is the monomer, polymer, and supramolecular structure of nucleic acids?

• Self-assemble into cellular structures and complexes

• Recognize and interact with one another in specific ways to perform essential cellular functions

• Interactions are weak and reversible

• Molecules have three dimensions and shapes.

What are biomacromolecules?

condensation

Monomers form polymers through __________

Hydrolysis

Polymers are broken down through ___________

T

Much of the biochemistry that we understand was first uncovered in prokaryotic systems (T/F)

Eukaryotes

Class includes plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, yeast and some algae.

• Large cells 10x bigger than prokaryotes

• Surrounded by Plasma membrane
  - Plasma membrane is composed of lipids and protein. Serves as chemical barrier to outside environment.

• Contain internal membranes and compartments

  - Compartments=organelles

  - Organelles contain organized complexes of macromolecules that perform a certain biological function
  - Compartmentalization results in separation of biological function

• No cell wall in animal cells

• Plants, fungi, algae generally have a cell wall

• Viscous aqueous environment

• 20-30% of cytosol is protein

• Major site of cellular metabolism (e.g. glycolysis)

• Contains cytoskeleton

What is cytoplasm/cytosol and give its functions?

• Outer layer of cellulose or chitin

• For protection and support

What is cell wall and give its functions?

• Network of protein filaments

• Structural support, cell movement, and cell shape

• 3-dimensional matrix made of protein fibers

What is Cytoskeleton and give its functions?

• Cellular extensions with 9+2 arrangement of pairs of microtubules

• For motility or moving fluids over surfaces

What are flagella and cilia and give its functions?

• Lipid bilayer to which proteins are embedded

• Regulates what passes into and out of cell; cell-to-cell recognition

Plasma membrane

• Network of internal membranes

• Forms compartments and vesicles; participates in protein and lipid synthesis

• Attached to cell and nuclear membrane

• Used for manufacturing, modification and transport of cellular materials
  Smooth ER= site of lipid synthesis
  Rough ER= site of protein synthesis via ribosomes
  

Endoplasmic reticulum

• Spherical surrounded by double membrane contains chromosomes

• Control center of cell; directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction

• Site of most DNA and RNA synthesis

• Storage of genetic information

• The largest organelle

Nucleus

• Stacks of flattened vesicles

• Packages proteins for export; forms secretory vesicles

• Near smooth ER and nucleus

• Involved in protein and fat processing and trafficking to other organelles

• Distribution and shipping department of cell materials

Golgi Complex

• Vesicles derived from golgi complex

• Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; play role in cell death

• Internal sacs bound by a single membrane

• Responsible for degrading cell components

• Internal ph -5 (very acidic)

• Enzymes in this degrades polymers

Lysosomes

Vesicles formed from the ER; Isolate particular chemical activities from rest of the cell

Peroxisomes

• Sites of oxidative mechanism; provides ATP for cellular energy

• Place where most oxidative energy production occurs= “Powerhouse” of the cell

• Contain a circular DNA

Mitochondria

endosymbiotic hypothesis

Because of the double membrane, size and presence of own genome, mitochondria are believe to be engulfed by a larger cell billion of years ago

Bacteria like organelles found in plants and algae; Site of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

Long threads of DNA; contains hereditary information

Chromosomes

Site of genes for rRNA synthesis; Assembles ribosomes

what is nucleolus?

Made up of protein and RNA: Site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes