HS 350

What is oncology?

The study of cancer.

What are neoplasms?

Tumors.

Define benign tumor.

A non-cancerous tumor that does not invade or rapidly spread to other tissues.

Define malignant tumor.

A cancerous tumor or cells.

What are the most common types of carcinoma?

Lung, breast, and colon cancers.

Which type of cancer affects connective tissues like bone and cartilage?

Sarcoma.

What does leukemia primarily affect?

Bone forming tissues, specifically bone marrow.

What is lymphoma?

A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system.

What type of tumor affects melanocytes?

Melanoma.

What is the first step in the pathophysiology of cancer?

Healthy cells divide and die (self-destruct).

What occurs at Step 1 of cancer development?

DNA mutates, which can lead to destruction or death.

What is hyperplasia?

An increased number of cancerous cells.

What is dysplasia?

The presence of abnormal cells in terms of shape, size, and organization.

What does Step 8 of cancer progression represent?

The final outcome, which includes more spreading, metastasizing, and potentially death.

What are some detection methods for breast cancer?

Mammograms.

What is the second leading cause of death related to cancer?

Tobacco exposure.

What are risk factors for type 1 diabetes?

Genetic factors and/or autoimmune responses.

What is Cushing's syndrome?

A condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol.

What type of cancer is the top killer among men and women?

Lung cancer.

What is the most common risk factor for pancreatic cancer?

Alcohol consumption.

What is the medical term for vomiting blood?

Hematemesis.

What are anal fissures?

Small tears or cracks in the lining of the anus, causing bleeding and pain.

What lifestyle factors can contribute to GERD?

Obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol intake.

What is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Insulin injections.

What is hepatitis?

Inflammation of the liver.

What can lead to cirrhosis of the liver?

Chronic alcohol consumption, certain medications, and autoimmune disease.

How does pancreatitis progress to chronic pancreatitis?

Repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis leading to irreversible damage.

What is the treatment for peptic ulcers?

Medications to reduce stomach acid and lifestyle changes.