No Room In the Melting Pot: Resurgent Racism and Nativism (49-53)

When did the OG KKK form?

Civil war aftermath

What was purpose of original KKK?

Confederate veterans denied African Americans economic social and political civil rights.

Which president ordered federal troops to crush the KKK?>

Ulysses S. Grant

Even though President Grant eliminated the KKK what aspect of their porganiziation remained in the Democratic Party?>

White supremacy

How did the Democratic party continue the KKK’s legacy in the political world?

They took control of state governments and systematically disenfranchised African americans with Jim Crow segregation

Which 1915 film romantasized the original KKK?

Birth of a nation

Who produced Birth of a nation?

D.W. Griffith

What did Birth of a nation romantasized the KKK as?

Righteous defenders of Southern White womanhood

What was the widespread reaction to Birth of a Nation?

Widespread acclaim

In what year did a group of men dedicate to rebuild the KKK?

1915

The group which vowed to create to rebuild the KKK met where in 1915?

Stone Mountain Georgia

Who was the Imperial Wizard of the KKK?

Hiram Wesley Evans

The Imperial Wizard is to President as the Grand Dragon is to what?

Governor

How did Hiram Weasley Evans summarize the KKK’s mission?

“Native, white Protestant supremacy”

How much did the KKK’s membership grow to from 1920-1925?

5 million members

Where did the KKK exert political influence?

Midwest, South, and Pacific Northwest

Which fast growing cities were influenced by the KKK>?

Detroit and Chicago

In fast growing cities like Detroit and Chicago what percentage of eligible population joined the KKK by 1925?

15%

What would the requirements to join the KKK likely have been in the 1920’s?

That the members be white, protestant, and native

Which state was the stronghold for the new KKK??

Indiana

How many people were part of the KKK in Indiana ?

250,000

What was the largest private organization of Indiana in the early to mid 1920’s?

KKK

For most of the 1920’s the KKK controlled which political avenues in Indiana?

The Republican party, the governor, half of the general assembly, ad both the US senators

Who was the grand dragon of the Indiana clan?

David Curtis Stephenson

What was Indiana known as?

The hoosier state

How did David Curtis Stephenson bolster the klan membership in Indiana?

Applying modern tactics to the organization

How did one journalist describe David Curtis Stephenson’s KKK Management?

“He sold fear, as he had sold coal, in carload lots.”

Which state did the KKK control state government of where they pushed anti-catholic attendence laws?

Oregon

The KKK drove a wedge into which political party?

The Democratic party

During which convention did a resolution condemning the klan fail to pass?

1924 Democratic Convention

How did the 1924 convention almost start a riot?

The resolution to condemn the KKK was in a deadlock after debate exposed the party’s ethnic and regional divides and almost sparked a riot.

What led to the decline of the KKK in the second half of the 1920s?

Scandals and internal conflicts

What wartime slogan did the Klan “trumpetits patriotism behind?”

“100% Americanism”

The KKK supported which side in the 1920’s culture war about prohibition?

The dry’s, who were the moral crusaders against prostitution, government corruption, fundamentalist opponents of evolution and vocal nativist supporters of immigration restriction.

Was the Klan’s blatant white supremacy a rare ideology?

No it was relatively common In the 1920’s and gained scientific and political legitimacy through endorsements from elites in legal, scientific, and political fields

In what year did the Supreme Court affirm the citizenship of Wong Kim Ark?

1898

Which supreme Court case established the precedent that children of immigrant parents began citizens regardless of parent citizenship., race, or ethnicity?

Wong Kim Ark v US

Where was Wong Kim Ark born?

San Francisco

Which form of citizenship was more common?

Birthright citizenship

Naturalization was estalibhsed in what section of the constitution?

Articlke 1 sectiton 8

Laws regarding naturalization could only be changed/.created which group of government?

Congress

Beginning in what year did Legislation in the US tie citizenship t race?

1790

In what year was the natiurazlition act revised?

1870

What change was made to the 1870 naturaszlition act?

Immigrants of African descent were included

In what year was the Chinese Exclusion Act passed?

1882

There was no legal definition which delineated the boundaries of what?

“Whiteness”

The usage of “whiteness” at the time conflated Which categories?

Race and ethnicity

Stories at the time often reffered to the ____ and _______ race

Irish and german

How many cases reached the Supreme court in the early 1920’s which forced the justices to clarify which peoples were eligible for naturalized citizenship and which were not?

two cases

Whom did the first case center around?

Takao Ozawa

When did Takao Ozawa move to the US?

age 19

WHere did Takao Ozawa attend?

Universityu of California

Where did Takao Ozawa settle after university?

Hawaii

Where did Ozawa start his family?

Hawaii

What did Ozawa emphasize in his court case?

His assimilation, specifically his fluency in English, long residence, children enrollment in public schools, and their membership in an American church and his loyalty to “Uncle Sam”

Aside from the facts to prove his assimilation what direct route did Ozawa take to prove his whiteness?

He claimted his skin possessed a “transparent pink tint” that was in fact much lighter than the average italian.

Ozawa compares the pink tint of his skin as being whiter than the skin of those of what ethnicity?

Italian

WHen was the ruling of Ozawa v. United States?

N ovember 1922

Wong Kim Ark was photographed in an immigration document from what year?

1904

WWhat was the ruling of Ozawa v. United States?

Unanimous rediction of his Ozawa’s arguments, declaring that physical states were unreliable in establishing someones race and it was better to apply a flexible geographic/pseudo-scientific definition.

THe ruling of Ozawa v. United States defined a “white person” as a member of what race?

“caucasian”

According to racial taxonomies of the time waht race was Ozawa?

Mongolian

Why was Ozowa ruled to be inegibile for citizenship?

He was of the mongolian race

What served as proof that the ruling of Ozawa v. U.S. was not effective at answering questions about who qualified for naturilization?

When another citizenship case reached the supreme court docket

What was the 2nd impotant case regarding naturalization in the 1920’s?

Bhagat Singh Thind

When did Baghat Singh Thind reach the Supreme court?

February 1923

Where was Bhagat Singh Thind from?

Punjab region in Northern british india

Bhagat Sing Thind served in which army during WW1? What honor did he serve with?

US army in WW1; served with distinction

How did the US government classify Thind?

A high case hindu of ufll Indian blood

The census form of which year had “Hindu” as a racial categoryu?

1930

What did the “race” Hindu refer to?

Any person from the indian subcontinent

What religion did Bhagat Singh Thind actually practice?

He was Sikh

What was Thind’s argument based on?

The ruling in Ozawa v US, by arguing that he was indisputably Caucasian

Thind cited experts in what fields?

Ethnography and anthropology

The expert evidence in defense of Thind suggested he was of what race?

Aryan race

When was the aryan race popularized and waht was it?

Late 19th century to refer to the supposedly superior northern europeans

The evidence Thind had suggested the Aryan race origianted where?

Ancient India

How did the court get around the inability to pin down thind using academic discourse?

They reverted to a base itnerp[retation opf whiteness which was made by the determination of the common man.

It was not for ________ to determine the __________ of whiteness

Scholars; contours

According to the rulin g in thind v US there were only ____ and ___-________

whites and non whites

Thind and amny other south asian immigrants were stripped of US citizenship and decalred ___________ because of the ruling of what case?

Unassimisible; Thind v. US

The ruling affirmed the anti-____ sentiment of US immigration which carried until the 1960’s

asian

The anti-asian orientation of US immigration and citizenship policies endured until when>?

the 1960’s

How many immigrants moved to AMerica from 1901-1920?

14.1 Million immigrants

The second wave of immigration from 1901-1920 was dminated by what immigrants?

Slovaks, ital;ians,poles,and hungarians

By what year was Roman Catholocism the largest Christian denomination in the country>?

1906

Hoiw many rioman catholics were there in 1906 in the US

14 million

How did the KKK and nativists revive old tropes?

They painted catholics as puppets of the Vatican with divided loyalties and authorotatian impulses who posed a threat to the nations democratic isntitutions

During 1890-1924 how many eastern european jews moved to the US?

2.5 million

Shtetls means what in yiddish?

Town

The Eastern European Jews which mved to the US from 1890-1924 came from where?

Tsrarist Russia’s Pale of Settlement and variousn territories controlled b the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Why did Eastern EU jewish immigrants uimmigrate to the US?

To flee impoverishment, legal discrimination, and violent religious persecution

THe jews from the Pale of settlement quickly outnumbered the jews from which had moved during the mid 19th century from where?

Germany

What waws the populatuion of Jews in NYC by 1910?

More than 1 million

Where did the majrity of jews in NYC live?

Manhattans Lower East Side

What was the largrst and most densely populated jewish population in the woirld?

Manhattans lower east side

When was Leo Frank Lynched?

1915

What was Leo franks job?

Factory Owner

Leo frank was what?

Jewish

What was Leo Frank accused of?

Murdering a young girl