Unit 8 WWI History Honors - Bonnano

German Unification Reasons

- To create a balance of power
- rise of nationalism

Otto von Bismarck - Welfare state

- a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits.

Otto von Bismarck - Realpolitik

system of politics that uses practical rather than moral considerations

Danish War

Cause: Denmark wanted German territory
Effect: Germany gained two provinces

7 Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War)

Cause:
Effect: Prussia takes control of Northern Germany

Franco-Prussian War

Cause: Bismarck makes alters the Ems Telegram and Prussia's victory over Austria increased the already existing tensions with France.
Effect: Prussia crushes France and captures Napoleon III; annexed Alsace-Lorraine & ends French Third Empire

World War I (1914-1918)

Causes:
M- Militarism: building military strength
A- Alliances: forming alliances with other nations
I - Imperialism: one country takes control of another
N - Nationalism: pride or devotion to the country

New Technology in WWI

- Machine guns
- Artillery
- poison gas
- armored tank
- zeppelins
- submarines (U-boats)
- convoys

Trench Warfare

-No Man's Land: the stretch of land between the two opposing front-line trenches
- Dugout: to provide protection but not against a direct hit from an artillery shell.
- built as zig-zag to minimize the effect of shell fire
- The drainage Sump was used to get rid of rainwater
- Duckboard is used to keep the soldier's feet dry so they would not develop trench foot.

Triple Entente (allies)

France, Russia, Great Britain

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Schlieffen Plan

German General Alfred von Schlieffen creates a plan to avoid war on 2 fronts by attacking France (through neutral Belgium) and defeating France quickly before Russia could mobilize

Why does Russia withdraw from the war?

Russia Signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in 1918 ending Russia's participation in WW1 and giving territory to Germany and Austria. The country focused on the Russian Revolution.

What was the Bolshevik Revolution?

- Vladimir Lenin leads the communist Bolsheviks and becomes the new ruler
- 1917: Overthrow Czar Nicholas II
Red Army (Bolsheviks) vs. White Army (bourgeoisie and aristocracy)
- 1918: Royal Family Killed
- 1918-1922: Bolsheviks get power, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Outcome of these battles: Somme, Marne, Verdun

- Somme: the Allies won. Most costly and deadliest battle of all time
- Marne: Loss of Germany.
- Verdun: one of the longest and bloodiest battles of all time. Caused mental illness in soldiers.

What was the significance of the Lusitania?

The Lusitania was a ship of people who were traveling to the shores of Ireland. They were sailing during the time that Germany had announced unrestricted submarine warfare. The Germans sunk the ship and at least a thousand innocent people died who were not related to the war.

What was the significance of the Zimmerman telegram?

The Zimmerman telegram was a request from Germany to Mexico to invite them as an ally into the war to fight against the United States. The message is decoded and intercepted by England and delivered to the United States of America. The U.S. declares war on Germany.

When/why does Germany surrender?

- Germany launches a final Spring offensive from March-July 1918 which failed
- Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicated
- Germany surrendered—signing the armistice on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month: November 11, 1918 (now known as veterans day)

List the people who were the "Big 4" at the Paris Peace Conference - what did they each want?

- Lloyd George: to minimize Germany's military
- Wilson: The League of Nations
- Clemenceau: War Guilt Cause/ reparations
- Orlando: minimizing Germany's territory

What were Wilson's 14 points? What were some important points he made?

1. All treaties between countries must be made public with no secret agreements
2. Freedom of navigation upon the seas
3. The removal of economic barriers between countries making trade unfair among all the nations
4. The reduction of arms worldwide
5. An open-minded adjustment of all colonial claims
6. The evacuation of Central Power armed forces of all Russian territory.
7. The evacuation of Central Power armed forces from Belgium.
8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored to France, including lands lost by France
(Alsace-Lorraine territory) during the Franco-Prussian War
9. A readjustment of the borders of Italy
10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary should be given autonomous (self-chosen) government.
11. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated by all Central Power armed forces; Serbia given free and permanent access to the sea.
12. The peoples of the Ottoman Empire should be given a voice in determining their own self-government.
13. An independent Polish nation should be created
14. A League of Nations formed so that representatives of all participating nations can peacefully settle disputes

What happened at the end of WW1 in the Treaty of Versailles?

League of Nations created the Mandate System
Members of the winning side of WW1 took control over colonized territories (mandates)

How does the map of Europe and the Middle East change after WW1?

New Countries: U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, and Finland
Lost Territory: Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany
Split in two: Austria- Hungary
Gain Territory: Romania, Greece
Middle East: Palestine is taken over by Israel

Middle East Treaties

The Sykes-Picot Agreement - Britain and France decide the territory they get in the Middle East.

What is zionism?

a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and was later led by Chaim Weizmann.

Victor Emmanuel III

Leader of Italy during WWI

Franz Ferdinand

Assasinated leader of Austria

Alfred von Schlieffen

developed the plan of attack (Schlieffen Plan) that the German armies used, with significant modifications, at the outbreak of World War I.

Woodrow Wilson

14 Points - League of Nations

Vladimir Lennin

Led the Bolshevik Revolution

Gabrillo Princip

Ferdinand's Assasinator

Georges Clemenceau

Leader of France during WWI

George V

King of the UK during WWI

Otto von Bismark

Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire.

Franz Joseph

The ruler of Austria-Hungary when WWI started. He was planning to attack Serbia for their ports. When Serbia murdered Franz Ferdinand, he attacked Serbia, which effectively started WWI.

Vittorio Orlando

He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

Wilhelm II

Kaiser of Germany during WWI

Wilhelm I

He became king of Prussia in 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck.

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.