Hydrology Modules 1-4

Applied Hydrology

Concepts of hydrology, hydrologic processes, and hydrograph analysis

Hydraulics

hydraulics and flow in open and closed channels

Design of hydraulic systems involves…..

1) Estimate of Flow

2) Sizing the structures/systems

Hydrology

science of water, deals with occurance of water, distribution of surface/ground water, storage of water, and chemical/physical properties of water in earth

Hydrologic cycle is _____ and a _______

Continuous and closed system

What is the driving force for the Hyd. Cycle?

Sun is the driving force

What are the main processes in the HC?

Precipitation (P,input), Evaporation (E,loss), Transpiration (T,loss), Infiltration (I,loss), Ground water flow (G), Surface Runoff (R)

Water Balance Equation

Represents the principle of conservation of mass, referred to as the continuity equation

Hydrologic Budget

Accounting for inflow, outflow, and storage of water in a designated hydrologic system (watershed or catchment)

Watershed

land area that drains into single outlet separated by drainage divide

Divide

a line that separates two adjacent watersheds

Watershed Boundary

delineated based on topographic elevation

Equation for continuity equation?

I - Q = dS/dt

Hydrology deals with what?

How water form on Earth, distribution of water, storage, and quality of water

Runoff Coefficient

the ratio of runoff to the rain

What is the relationship between runoff coefficient and imperviousness?

If runoff coeff. is high, imperviousness is high.

Precipitation

primary input vector and is a key source element in the water balance equation

Rain

liquid

Drizzle

Liquid

Hail

solid

Sleet

solid

Snow

solid

What three climate factors influence the forms and quantity of precipitation?

Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure, Wind

Low pressure means what?

Cold air and more condensation

What are the three conditions are essential for the formation of precipitation

Condensation, Cloud Condensed Nuclei (CCN), Growth of Water Droplets (Coalescence Process)

What are the two main ways that precipitation is distributed?

Surface Flow and Infiltration

What are the three ways to measure precipitation?

Depth with Rain Gauge, Intensity with Tipping Bucket, and Intensity using NEXRAD

Two ways to plot precipitation data

Rainfall Hyetograph and Accumulated Total Rainfall (Mass Curve)

What two variables does precipitation have?

Space and time

What are the two data measurements for precipitation data?

Point measurement with rain gauges and Areal Measurement using radars and satellites

3 uses of point measurement?

Complete missing rainfall record, obtain an areal average values, and derive an intensity duration curve

Inverse Distance Weighting

weights inversely proportional to their distance from the target location