Chapter 6 Part 1 Adult and Child Psychopathology

Anxiety

This involves a general feeling of apprehension about

possible future danger

Fear

This is an alarm reaction that occurs in response to immediate danger

Anxiety disorders

This type of disorder affect approximately 25 to 29 percent

of the U.S. population at some point in their lives and are the

most common category of disorders for women and the second

most common for men

Anxiety disorders

This type of disorder are also associated with an increased prevalence of a number of medical conditions including asthma, chronic pain, hypertension, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and irritable bowel syndrome 

Obsessions

These are persistent and highly recurrent intrusive thoughts or images that are experienced as disturbing and

inappropriate.

Compulsions

These are repetitive behaviors (such as hand-

washing or checking) that the person feels must be performed

in response to the obsession.

neurosis

What term was dropped from the DSM in 1980?

­ Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Which disorder is no longer classified as an anxiety disorder. Instead, it is now listed in a new DSM-5 ­ category called obsessive-compulsive and related disorders 

fear

This is a basic emotion (shared by many animals) that

involves activation of the “fight-or-flight” response of the autonomic nervous system.

panic attack

When the fear response

occurs in the absence of any obvious external danger, we say

the person has had a spontaneous or uncued what?

anxiety response pattern

this response pattern is a complex blend of unpleasant emotions and cognitions that is both more oriented to the future and much more diffuse

anxiety

At a physiological level, this often creates a state of tension and chronic overarousal, which may reflect risk assessment and readiness for dealing with danger should it occur 

anxiety

At a behavioral level, this may create a strong tendency to avoid

situations where danger might be encountered, but there is not the

immediate behavioral urge to flee with anxiety as there is with fear

Anxiety disorders

These types of disorders all have unrealistic, irrational fears or anxieties of disabling intensity as their principal and most obvious manifestation. 

specific phobia, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder

What are the five types of anxiety disorders recognized by the DSM-V

panic disorder

People with this type of anxiety disorder experience both frequent

panic attacks and intense anxiety focused on the possibility of

having another one.

agoraphobia

People with this kind of anxiety disorder go to great lengths

to avoid a variety of feared situations, ranging from open streets,

bridges, and crowded public places.

generalized anxiety disorder

people with this type of anxiety disorder mostly experience a general sense of diffuse anxiety and worry about many potentially bad things that may happen; some may also experience an occasional panic attack, but it is not a focus of their anxiety.

limbic system

The brain structures most centrally involved in

most disorders are generally in which system?

GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine

The neurotransmitter substances that are most centrally involved

are what?

phobia

This is a persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger and yet leads to a great deal of avoidance of these feared situations.

specific phobia

A person is diagnosed as having this if she or

he shows strong and persistent fear that is triggered by the

presence of a specific object or situation

specific phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia.

What are the three main categories of phobias?

avoidance

This is a cardinal characteristic of phobias;

blood-injection-injury phobia

People afflicted with this phobia typically experience at least as much (if not more) disgust as fear. They also show a unique physiological response when confronted with the sight of blood or injury. Rather than showing the simple increase in heart rate and blood pressure seen when most people with phobias encounter their phobic object, these people show an initial acceleration, followed by a dramatic drop in both heart rate and blood pressure.

blood-injection-injury phobia

people with this phobia show this unique

physiological response pattern only in the presence of blood

and injury stimuli; they exhibit the more typical physiological

response pattern characteristic of the fight-or-flight response

to their other feared objects 

T

T/F Specific phobias are quite common.

the psycho-analytic view

According to this view, phobias represent a defense against anxiety that stems from repressed impulses from the id

vicarious or observational classical conditioning.

Simply watching a phobic person behaving fearfully with his or her phobic object can be distressing to the observer and can result in fear being transmitted from one person to another through what kind of conditioning?

prepared learning

This occurs because,

over the course of evolution, those primates and humans who

rapidly acquired fears of certain objects or situations that

posed real threats to our early ancestors may have enjoyed a

selective advantage. 

T

T/F  “prepared” fears are not inborn or

innate but rather are easily acquired or especially resistant to

extinction. 

Genetic and temperamental

These two biological causal variables affect the speed and

strength of conditioning of fear 

T

T/F behaviorally inhibited toddlers (who are excessively timid, shy, easily distressed, etc.) at 21 months of age were at higher risk of developing multiple specific phobias by 7 to 8 years of age than were uninhibited children

exposure therapy

This is the best treatment for specific phobias and involves controlled exposure to the stimuli or situations that elicit phobic fear

participant modeling

 One variant on exposure therapy, known as what, is often more effective than exposure alone. Here the therapist calmly models ways of interacting with the phobic stimulus or situation

Social phobia

These, as the DSM-5 describes it, is characterized by disabling fears of one or more specific social situations

Social phobia

What type of phobia does the following relate to?

 In a social situation, a person fears that she or he may be

exposed to the scrutiny and potential negative evaluation of oth-

ers or that she or he may act in an embarrassing or humiliating

manner.

D.

Which of the following are two subtypes of social phobia?

A. Performance Situations

B. General situations and nonperformance situations

C. Job Situations

D. A and B

E. C and B

Social Phobias

 This disorder is somewhat more common among

women than men 

social phobias

Which type of phobias often seem to originate from simple in-

stances of direct or vicarious classical conditioning such as expe-

riencing or witnessing a perceived social defeat or humiliation,

or being or witnessing the target of anger or criticism

generalized social phobia

People with this type of phobia may be especially

likely to have grown up with parents who were emotionally cold,

socially isolated, and avoidant. 

social fears and phobias

These evolved as a byproduct of

dominance hierarchies that are a common social arrangement

among animals such as primate

amygdala

people who have social phobia show greater activation of what brain structure?

behavioral inhibition

The most important temperamental variable is what?

­

behavioral inhibition

This temperamental variable shares characteristics with both neuroticism and introversion

cognitive restructuring

In this technique, the therapist attempts to help clients with social phobia identify their underlying negative, automatic thoughts 

F

T/F specific phobias can be treated with medications.

social phobias

The most effective and widely used medications for this type of phobia are several categories of antidepressants

T

T/F A distinct advantage of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies over medications, then, is that they generally produce more long-lasting improvement with very low relapse rates