bonding theory + Lewis structure

chemical bond

• involves the electrons only

• nuclei of the different atoms are not affected

Quantum Theory

• To be electrically neutral (# of protons = # of electrons)

• To acquire the more stable electron structure of the nearest Noble Gas

orbital

region of space where electrons are most likely to be found

non-valance electrons

in the inner energy levels

valance electrons

• in the outer shell

• paired or single

lone pair

• two electrons (pair)

• repelling effect on electrons in any nearby orbitals

bonding electron

• single electron

• share that electron with another atom (chemical bonds with other atoms)

covalent bonding

share electrons

ionic bonding

transfer electrons

Octet Rule

• obeyed by Main Group atoms

• C, N, O, F atoms always obey Octet Rule when bonding

• max. eight electrons can occupy orbitals in the valence energy level

Pauli Exclusion Principle

• two electrons may share the same region of space

• never more than two

• occupy empty valence orbitals before forming electron pairs

Chemical Formulae

• express the structure of atoms

• identify element

Molecular Formula

• chemical formula of a chemical compound

• shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the compound

• NOT REDUCED

empirical formula

shows elements in a compound in their lowest whole-number ratio

Lewis Structure

• amount of valence electrons

• which types of bonds are involved

Structural Formula (Kekulé Structure)

Displays the atoms of the molecule in the order they are bonded

Perspective Drawing (Stereochemistry)

• structure of a molecule in 3D

• which atoms are above and below the plane of the paper

• central atom is always assumed to be in the plane of the paper

Ball and Stick Model

• 3D arrangement of the atoms in space

• shape of the molecule

Lewis diagram

• bonding electrons

• lone pairs

• octect rule

• only valance shell

• covalent bonding

rules for placing electrons

• One electron dot is placed in each of the four valence orbitals before electron pairing

• If there are five to eight valence electrons, a second electron dot paired with a bonding electron (single)