(MOCKS BIOLOGY) "EOY BIOLOGY, Bio - topic 7, Bio Topic 6"

RIBOSOME

PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND BACTERIAL CELLS

Makes proteins by reading mRNA

MITOCHONDRIA

PLANTS AND ANIMALS

involved in respiration

cells that need more energy have more of these

NUCLEUS

PLANTS AND ANIMALS

contains chromosomes -> that carry genes

controls activities of the cell

VACUOLE

PLANT CELLS ONLY

filled with cell sap -> which stores dissolved mineral ions and sugars

helps cell keep shape

NUCLEOID OR CIRCULAR DNA

BACTERIAL CELLS ONLY

tangle of double stranded DNA

contains chromosomes

free floating

PLASMID

BACTERIAL CELLS ONLY

circular loop of DNA

small number of non-essential genes

copied independently

can be transferred

free floating

RESOLVING POWER OR RESOLUTION

the ability to distinguish between two points

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

OSMOSIS* (ALWAYS about water, water like 99% always osmosis)

the NET movement of WATER molecules from a region of HIGH WATER POTENTIAL to a region of LOW WATER POTENTIAL, DOWN A CONCENTRATION (of water) GRADIENT, through a SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE.

(water, passive) (root hair cells absorbing water from the soil)

DIFFUSION

the NET movement of particles DOWN A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION, which is a result of their RANDOM movement

(fluids, passive) (ex. oxygen diffusing across the lungs)

FACTORS that affect DIFFUSION

limited to:

- surface area

- temperature

- concentration gradients

- distance

PLASMOLYZED

bro has shrunk from osmosis (little free water/too much minerals leading to low water potential outisde of the cell, the cell shrivels up from losing water)

CELL MEMBRANE

PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND BACTERIAL CELLS

semi-permeable membrane (controls what enters/exits)

CYTOPLASM

PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND BACTERIAL CELLS

site of chemical reactions

jelly-like, contains the organelles

CELL WALL

PLANT AND BACTERIAL CELLS

helps cell keep shape

cellulose

permeable

CHLOROPLAST

PLANT CELLS ONLY

chlorophyll (green pigment, absorbs light energy)

site of photosynthesis

CELL CAPSULE

BACTERIAL CELLS

outermost wall of the cell

FLAGELLUM (plural FLAGELLA)

BACTERIAL CELLS, a long, hair-like structure that extends from the cell membrane and is used for quick movement (looks like a twisting turbine thing when there is two)

CILIA

BACTIERAL CELLS, hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for movement

EYEPIECE

magnification of x10

TOTAL MAGNIFICATION

x10 * objective lens

MAGNIFICATION FORMULA

triangle IAM with I on top

ADAPTATION

how an organism or species became better suited to its environment/job

SPERM CELLS

LONG TAIL to swim

head contains ENZYMES to allow it to digest into an egg cell

designed to fertilize eggs

found in the testes

EGG CELL

large and BULKY

contains YOLK -> that has a large food store for the new cell being formed

found in the ovaries, designed to be fertilized

PALISADE CELL

tall and LARGE SURFACE AREA to absorb water and minerals

packed with CHLOROPLASTS

designed for photosynthesis, found on the top of a leaf

CILIATED CELL

HAIRS sweep MUCUS with trapped dust and bacteria back up the throat

tiny hairs called CILIA

line all the air passages of the lungs

designed to stop lung damage

ROOT HAIR CELL

THIN CELL WALL so that minerals can easily pass through

LARGE SURFACE AREA to absorb water and minerals easily

found in the plant's roots

designed for absorbing water and minerals

NERVE CELL (NEURONE)

LONG

CONNECTIONS AT EACH END

carry electrical signals

carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body

found all over the body

RED BLOOD CELL

NO NUCLEUS

LARGE SURFACE AREA for OXYGEN to pass through

contains HEMOGLOBIN which joins with oxygen

found in blood

designed to carry oxygen

FLACCID

cell starts to lose water (due to lack of water/water potential in the environment around the cell)

TURGID

when a plant cells has lots of water and its cytoplasm is pressed against the cell wall. Plant stands up straight (healthy plant! water is going into the cell)

TURGOR PRESSURE

Pressure inside the cell exerted by water molecules causes by the cell membrane pushing agains the cell wall

PLASMOLYSIS

when the cell loses turgor pressure, SHRINKING

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

the movement of particles against a concentration gradient across a cell membrane, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, which requires energy (ex. plant roots absorbing mineral ions)

CELL

smallest level of organization

TISSUE

between cell and organ

ORGAN

between tissue and organ system

ORGAN SYSTEM

between organ system and organism

ORGANISM

highest level of organization

how to describe levels of organization?

a bunch of _____ working together

microscope question

1. place the slide on stage

2. put the objective lens to the lowest power

3. adjust the mirror/switch on the light

4. adjust the coarse focus

5. then adjust the fine focus

6. change to the desired lens (x10 x20 etc)

7. refocus using the coarse then fine focus

calculating percentages? avoiding uncertaincies or inconsistencies in experiment

a student calculated the percentage of change in mass rather than the change in mass itself since the object may have varying masses or sizes (READ QUESTION CAREFULLY)

concentration gradient x intercept

** Y AXIS IS CHANGE IN MASS

** X AXIS IS CONCENTRATION (mol/dm^3)

the point wherein the line of best fit intersects with the x axis means there is 0 change in mass, therefore that is when equilibrium is reached

osmosis vs diffusion

osmosis: WATER only, SEMIPERMEABLE membrane is required

diffusion: FLUIDS (gas and liquids), NO OBSTACLES

low water potential

high solute concentration

lysis

The bursting of an animal cell due to being placed in a hypotonic (lots of free water, low concentration) solution

do not say zoom...

say magnified or (x10) times 10, times 20, times 100!

do not say explodes...

bursts!

shrinks

when a red blood cell is placed in a concentrated salt solution

What is found in a plant cell but not an animal cell?

Cell wall

chloroplast

vacuole

What is found in both plant and animal cells?

Cell membrane

cytoplasm

mitochondria

nucleus

ribosomes

carbohydrates

provides energy; cereal, bread, pasta, rice

a balanced diet

one that gives your body the nutrients in the correct proportions in order for it to function correctly and for health to be mantained

protein

growth and repair; fish, meat, eggs, beans, dairy

water

needed for cell cytoplasm and bodily fluids; fruit juice, milk, water

iron

hemoglobin in rbcs; red meat and liver

calcium

strong teeth and bones; dairy products

fat

provides energy, stores energy, insulates the body; butter, oil, nuts

vitamin c

maintains the cell membrane; citrus fruits

vitamin d

helps with the absorption of calcium; sunlight and fatty fish

fiber

keeps food moving through the digestive system; vegetables and bran

unbalanced diet

explains bad nutrition; nutrients may be lacking/excessive/unbalanced (not in the right proportions)

scurvy causes

lack of vitamin c; lack of eating fruits and vegetables;

symptoms include: bleeding gums, loosening teeth, bleeding under skin, fatigue

rickets causes

lack of vitamin d; lack of calcium; lack of phosphorous

symptoms include: pains in the bones, bone fractures, muscle cramps, teeth or skeletal deformities

enzymes' 5 properties

1. made of protein (amino acids

2. catalyze reactions (speed them up)

3. specific shape

4. affected by temperature and

5. pH

substrate

what enzymes react with

enzyme words to use!

specific

active site

binds

shape

denatured

collisions

substrate + enzyme =

enzyme-substrate complex

active site

the part of the enzyme which the reactant binds to; it is specific to its substrate

temperature's effects on enzymes

higher temperature increases kinetic energy of the enzymes allowing them to move around more and causes more collisions;

however, once the temperature reaches beyond the optimum, the enzyme's is denatured, destroying its shape/active site

pH's effects on enzymes

there is an optimum pH for enzymes to work;

a too high or too low pH can cause the enzyme to be denatured and its shape/active site will be destroyed

pH enzyme graph

steep increase, steep decrease

temperature enzyme graph

gradual increase, steep decrease

enzyme-substrate complex

what is formed when enzyme binds to a substrate when they collide

amylase

secreted from the SALIVARY GLANDS and PANCREAS

works in the MOUTH, SALIVA, AND SMALL INTESTINES

breaks down starch into small reducing sugars :D

protease

secreted from the STOMACH and PANCREAS

works in the STOMACH and SMALL INTESTINES

breaks down protein into amino acids

lipase

secreted from the PANCREAS

works in the SMALL INTESTINES

breaks down fats&oils OR lipids into fatty acids AND glycerol

lipase amylase and protease optimum temperature

37-40 degrees

mouth

physical digestion (+ chemical from saliva)

esophagus

peristalsis occurs here

stomach

chemical + physical digestion, has gastric juices or HCl, has goblet cells that protect itself from the acidity

HCl role

kills harmful microorganisms in food; providing an acidic pH for optimum conditions for protease

small intestine + duodenum + ileum

absorption + chemical digestion

large intestine + colon + rectum + anus

absorption + egestion

salivary glands

chemical digestion, secretes amylase

pancreas

chemical digestion, secretes enzyes

liver

makes bile for chemical digestion

gall bladder

stores bile for chemical digestion

bile

neutralizes the acidity of the HCl, increases the surface area of the fats by emulsifying them (separating them), big globules -> small droplets

ingestion

the taking of substances, ex. food and drink, into the body

physical digestion

the break down of food into smaller pieces; increases surface area

absorption

the movement of nutrients from the intestines into the blood

chemical digestion

the breakdown of food from large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules that the body can absorb

assimilation

the uptake and use of nutrients by cells

egestion

the removal of undigested food from the body as feces

circulatory system

a system of blood vessels with a pump (the heart) and valves to ensure the one-way flow of blood

single circulatory system

only have DEOXYGENATED blood flowing into the heart (or just flowing in general), hearts have TWO chambers, blood gets pumped into the heart ONCE

double circulatory system

have both OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED blood flowing into the heart (or just flowing in general), have FOUR chambers, blood gets pumped into the heart TWICE,

heart

pump, has 1-2 pumps, contraction of muscles pumps blood