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Sex
the biological classification maleness vs femaleness
Gender
social and cultural identification
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction in which offspring are not identical of parent but rather a mix of parent genotypes
Asexual Reproduction
offspring are clones or parent, most common method of reproduction for single celled organisms
Hermaphroditic
organisms that have both male and female structures
Phenotypic Sex
Sex classified via presence of male or female external and internal genitalia. Phenotypic expression as male or female
Genetic Sex
Classification by sex chromosomes, XX = female, XY = male
Gonadal Sex
Sex classified via presence of testes or ovaries
SRY
leads to production of testis-determining factor, which causes immature gonads to differentiate into testes
What happens if SRY is absent
embryo will develop along female lines
Intersex
When biological sex is ambiguous
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Can affect males and females with a variety of health outcomes In females, typical ovary development, but overproduction of androgens result in external genitalia partly or completely male in appearance, and offspring are sometimes mis-identified as male at birth.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
1. Genetic males (XY) produce normal amounts of testosterone but lack testosterone receptors on their cells. 2. As a result, “ignore” signal for male differentiation. Develop along phenotypically female lines, but do not produce ovaries.
Gender Norms
societal expectations about how members of a gender will (and should) behave
Gender Binary
Western culture predominantly recognizes two genders: man/boy and woman/girl Gender binary is common among cultures, but not universal. Many cultures across the globe have recognized three or more genders.
Cisgender
assigned gender matches gender identity
Transgender
umbrella term for individuals whose gender identity does not match gender assigned to them at birth
Trans Woman
birth-assigned gender is masculine, gender identity is woman
Trans Men
birth-assigned gender is feminine, gender identity is man
Non-Binary
individuals identify as neither man nor woman, or do not want to be labeled. Sometimes included under transgender, sometimes not
What are common physical attributes of men
Males taller, more massive, denser skeleton, larger muscle fibers Males weaker immune system Males shorter lifespan
What are common psychological aspects of men
Men more aggressive across the lifespan Men score higher on risk taking and sensation seeking Differences in communication Men disclose less person/emotional information when communicating with other men
Gender Affirming Care
For trans individuals with binary gender identity, can undergo treatment so that body matches identity
What is partially reversable gender affirming care
Hormone treatment for puberty suppression or feminization/masculinization
What is non reversable gender affirming care
Surgical intervention