Chapter 3 Sex and Gender

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26 Terms

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Sex

the biological classification maleness vs femaleness

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Gender

social and cultural identification

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Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction in which offspring are not identical of parent but rather a mix of parent genotypes

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Asexual Reproduction

offspring are clones or parent, most common method of reproduction for single celled organisms

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Hermaphroditic

organisms that have both male and female structures

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Phenotypic Sex

Sex classified via presence of male or female external and internal genitalia. Phenotypic expression as male or female

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Genetic Sex

Classification by sex chromosomes, XX = female, XY = male

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Gonadal Sex

Sex classified via presence of testes or ovaries

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SRY

leads to production of testis-determining factor, which causes immature gonads to differentiate into testes

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What happens if SRY is absent

embryo will develop along female lines

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Intersex

When biological sex is ambiguous

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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Can affect males and females with a variety of health outcomes In females, typical ovary development, but overproduction of androgens result in external genitalia partly or completely male in appearance, and offspring are sometimes mis-identified as male at birth.

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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

1. Genetic males (XY) produce normal amounts of testosterone but lack testosterone receptors on their cells. 2. As a result, “ignore” signal for male differentiation. Develop along phenotypically female lines, but do not produce ovaries.

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Gender Norms

societal expectations about how members of a gender will (and should) behave

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Gender Binary

Western culture predominantly recognizes two genders: man/boy and woman/girl Gender binary is common among cultures, but not universal. Many cultures across the globe have recognized three or more genders.

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Cisgender

assigned gender matches gender identity

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Transgender

umbrella term for individuals whose gender identity does not match gender assigned to them at birth

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Trans Woman

birth-assigned gender is masculine, gender identity is woman

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Trans Men

birth-assigned gender is feminine, gender identity is man

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Non-Binary

individuals identify as neither man nor woman, or do not want to be labeled. Sometimes included under transgender, sometimes not

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What are common physical attributes of men

Males taller, more massive, denser skeleton, larger muscle fibers Males weaker immune system Males shorter lifespan

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What are common psychological aspects of men

Men more aggressive across the lifespan Men score higher on risk taking and sensation seeking Differences in communication Men disclose less person/emotional information when communicating with other men

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Gender Affirming Care

For trans individuals with binary gender identity, can undergo treatment so that body matches identity

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What is partially reversable gender affirming care

Hormone treatment for puberty suppression or feminization/masculinization

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What is non reversable gender affirming care

Surgical intervention