APWH Unit 7 Global Conflict: 1900-Present

Balkan Nationalism

19th and early 20th century movements among ethnic groups in the Balkans to gain independence and establish their own nation-states

Total War

A conflict where nations mobilize all economic, social and military resources to achieve complete victory, blurring the lines between soldiers and civilians

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A separate peace treaty signed between the newly established Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, marking Russia’s exit from World War I

Treaty of Versailles

Officially ended Word War I between the Allied Powers and Germany, imposing harsh punitive terms on Germany

War guilt clause

Officially forced Germany and its allies to accept full responsibility for causing World War I

League of Nations

An international diplomatic organization established after World War I to prevent future conflict through collective security, disarmament, and negotiation

Bolsheviks

A radical, far left fraction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

Vladimir Lenin

A Russian revolutionary and the founder of the Bolshevik party, ultimately establishing the USSR and becoming its first leader

Joseph Stalin

The totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union, transforming the USSR into an industrial and military superpower

Five-year Plans

Centrally planned economic initiatives launched by the Soviet Union to rapidly transition from an agrarian society to a leading industrial power

Collectivization

A forced policy that consolidated individual peasant farms into large, state controlled collective farms

Fascism

A far right, authoritarian, and ultranatalist political ideology. It prioritizes the nation and often race above the individual.

Weimar Republic

The democratic government established in Germany after World War I, replacing the Kaiser monarchy.

Great Depression

A severe global economic downturn triggered by the 1929 US stock market crash

Ultra-Nationalism

An extreme, fanatical form of allegiance to one’s nation, promoting its interests above all others while often acting with xenophobia, racism and hostility toward other nations

Axis Powers

Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan— fought against the allied powers during World War I

Appeasement & Munich Agreement

1930’s foreign policy, primarily by Britain and France, to avoid war with Germany by making concessions to Hitler. Allowed Germany to annex Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland

London Blitz

A sustained strategic bombing campaign by Nazi’s germany Luftwaffe targeting British cities, especially London, during World War II

Nanjing massacre

Mass killing and ravaging of Chinese citizens and capitulated soldiers by soldiers of the Japanese Imperial army

United Nations

An international organization founded in 1945, immediately following World War II, to replace the ineffective League of Nations