texts and ideas final

"There are tears for [or of] things and mortal things touch the mind."

From: The Aeneid
Said by: Aeneas
About: Destruction of Troy

He knew her at once—his mother— and called after her now as she sped away: "Why, you too, cruel as the rest? So often you ridicule your son with your disguises! Why can't we clasp hands, embrace each other, exchange some words, speak out, and tell the truth?"

From: Aeneid
Said by: Aeneas to Venus
About: Aeneas recognizes his mother Venus, who has told him about Dido in disguise, and calls for her to talk to him as she leaves

Now—die!' "That said, he drags the old man straight to the altar, quaking, slithering on through slicks of his son's blood, and twisting Priam's hair in his left hand, his right hand sweeping forth his sword— a flash of steel—he buries it hilt-deep in the king's flank. "Such was the fate of Priam…"

From: Aeneid
Said by: Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles to Priam
About: Pyrrhus is killing Priam, the King of Troy, as the Greeks are ransacking it

"Wars and a man I sing—an exile driven on by Fate, he was the first to flee the coast of Troy, destined to reach Lavinian shores and Italian soil, yet many blows he took on land and sea from the gods above—thanks to cruel Juno's relentless rage—and many losses he bore in battle too, before he could found a city, bring his gods to Latium, source of the Latin race, the Alban lords and the high walls of Rome."

From: Aeneid
Said by: Chorus
About: Summarizes Aeneid's story

"Others, I doubt not, shall with softer mould beat out the breathing bronze, coax from the marble features to life, plead cases with greater eloquence and with a pointer trace heaven's motions and predict the risings of the stars: you, Roman, but yours will be the rulership of nations; to rule these will be your arts—to impose peace on those you conquer, to spare defeated peoples, and tame (crush) the proud."

From: Aeneid
Said by: Anchises to Aeneas
About: Anchises is prophesizing about Aeneas's eventual creation of the superpower that was Rome

"Many blows he took on land and sea from the gods above— thanks to cruel Juno's relentless rage—and many losses he bore in battle too, before he could found a city, bring his gods to Latium, source of the Latin race, the Alban lords and the high walls of Rome. Tell me, Muse, how it all began…"

From: Aeneid book 1
Said by: Narrator
About: Aeneas's challenge to found Rome

The Tyrians press on with the work, some aligning the walls, struggling to raise the citadel, trundling stones up slopes; some picking the building sites and plowing out their boundaries, others drafting laws, electing judges, a senate held in awe. Here they're dredging a harbor, there they lay foundations deep for a theater, quarrying out of rock great columns to form a fitting scene for stages still to come. As hard at their tasks as bees in early summer, that work the blooming meadows under the sun, they escort a new brood out, young adults now, or press the oozing honey into the combs, the nectar brimming the bulging cells, or gather up the plunder workers haul back in, or close ranks like an army, driving the drones, that lazy crew, from home. The hive seethes with life, exhaling the scent of honey sweet with thyme.

From: Aeneid book 1
Said by: Narrator
About: Aeneas marveling at Carthage's development

"Suddenly the strange form of an unknown man
came out of the woods, exhausted by the last
pangs of hunger, pitifully dressed, and stretched
his hands in supplication towards the shore. We
looked back. Vile with filth, his beard uncut, his
clothing fastened together with thorns: but
otherwise a Greek,once sent to Troy in his
country's armour."

From: Aeneid book 3
Said by: Narrator
About: Aeneas is warned by Achaemenides to said away from the Cyclopes island

But the Sibyl, still not broken in by Apollo, storms with a wild fury through her cave. And the more she tries to pitch the great god off her breast, the more his bridle exhausts her raving lips, overwhelming her untamed heart, bending her to his will. Now the hundred immense mouths of the house swing open, all on their own, and bear the Sibyl's answers through the air: "You who have braved the terrors of the sea, though worse remain on land—you Trojans will reach Lavinium's realm—lift that care from your hearts— but you will rue your arrival. Wars, horrendous wars, and the Tiber foaming with tides of blood, I see it all!

From: Aeneid
Said by: Narrator
About: Aeneas meets with the Cumae Sybil for the first time

"So come, the glory that will follow the sons of Troy through time, your children born of Italian stock who wait for life, bright souls, future heirs of our name and our renown: I will reveal them all and tell you of your fate. Time and again you've heard his coming promised—Caesar Augustus! Son of a god, he will bring back the Age of Gold to the Latian fields where Saturn once held sway, expand his empire past the Garamants and the Indians to a land beyond the stars, beyond the wheel of the year, the course of the sun itself, where Atlas bears the skies and turns on his shoulder the heavens studded with flaming stars

From: Aeneid
Said by: Anchises to Aeneas
About: Anchises praises the future Roman people who will come out of the Sons of Troy (Aeneas) in the future when he is in the afterlife

There are twin Gates of Sleep. One, they say, is called the Gate of Horn and it offers easy passage to all true shades. The other glistens with ivory, radiant, flawless, but through it the dead send false dreams up toward the sky. And here Anchises, his vision told in full, escorts his son and Sibyl both and shows them out now through the Ivory Gate.

From: Aeneid
Said by: Narrator
About: Way out of the underworld

"At the first opportunity he had d'Orco arrested and cut in two, leaving the pieces on the piazza at Cesena with the block and a bloody knife beside it. This brutal spectacle gave the people a jolt, but it also reassured them"

From: The Prince
Said by: Machiavelli
About: Borgia using d'Orco as a scapegoat for Borgia's cruel policies.

"Hence it is to be remarked that, in seizing a state, the usurper ought to examine closely into all those injuries which it is necessary for him to inflict, and to do them all at one stroke so as not to have to repeat them daily; and thus by not unsettling men he will be able to reassure them, and win them to himself by benefits. He who does otherwise, either from timidity or evil advice, is always compelled to keep the knife in his hand; neither can he rely on his subjects, nor can they attach themselves to him, owing to their continued and repeated wrongs. For injuries ought to be done all at one time, so that, being tasted less, they offend less; benefits ought to be given little by little, so that the flavour of them may last longer."

From: The Prince
Said by: Machiavelli
About: How a prince should punish potential enemies and reward subjects

"The reason is that love is a link of obligation, which men, because they are rotten, will break any time they think doing so serves their advantage; but fear involves a a dread of punishment, from which they can never escape."

From: The Prince
Said by: Machiavelli
About: why cruelty is necessary

"But to come to those who, by their own ability and not through fortune, have risen to be princes, I say that Moses, Cyrus, Romulus, Theseus, and such like are the most excellent examples. And although one may not discuss Moses, he having been a mere executor of the will of God, yet he ought to be admired, if only for that favour which made him worthy to speak with God.. ….And in examining their actions and lives one cannot see that they owed anything to fortune beyond opportunity, which brought them the material to mould into the form which seemed best to them. Without that opportunity their powers of mind would have been extinguished, and without those powers the opportunity would have come in vain. It was necessary, therefore, to Moses that he should find the people of Israel in Egypt enslaved and oppressed by the Egyptians, in order that they should be disposed to follow him so as to be delivered out of bondage

From: The Prince
Said by: Machiavelli
About: how can leaders organically grow a following (with example of Moses)

"You must know there are two ways of contesting, the one by the law, the other by force; the first method is proper to men, the second to beasts; but because the first is frequently not sufficient, it is necessary to have recourse to the second. Therefore it is necessary for a prince to understand how to avail himself of the beast and the man."

From: The Prince
Said by: Machiavelli
About: how can leaders organically grow a following (with example of Moses)

"…ought to choose the fox and the lion; because the lion cannot defend himself against snares and the fox cannot defend himself against wolves. Therefore, it is necessary to be a fox to discover the snares and a lion to terrify the wolves. Those who rely simply on the lion do not understand what they are about."

From: The Prince
Said by: Machiavelli
About: how should leaders balance ruthlessness and cunning

"It is not unknown to me how many men have had, and still have, the opinion that the affairs of the world are in such wise governed by fortune and by God that men with their wisdom cannot direct them and that no one can even help them; and because of this they would have us believe that it is not necessary to labour much in affairs, but to let chance govern them."

From: The Prince
Said by: Machiavelli
About: how fortune plays a part in the fate of leaders

I compare her to one of those raging rivers, which when in flood overflows the plains, sweeping away trees and buildings, bearing away the soil from place to place; everything flies before it, all yield to its violence, without being able in any way to withstand it; and yet, though its nature be such, it does not follow therefore that men, when the weather becomes fair, shall not make provision, both with defences and barriers, in such a manner that, rising again, the waters may pass away by canal, and their force be neither so unrestrained nor so dangerous."

From: The Prince
Said by: Machiavelli
About: the nature of fortune

"his face was tanned, he had a long beard, and his cloak was
hanging carelessly about him, so that, by his looks and habit, I
concluded he was a seaman. "if you knew the man, for there is
none alive that can give so copious an account of unknown
nations and countries as he can do, which I know you very
much desire." He has not sailed as a seaman, but as a traveller,
or rather a philosopher."

From: Utopia
Said by: Moore
About: Raphael Hythloday

"They eat and drink from earthen ware or glass, which
make an agreeable appearance though they be of little
value; while their chamber-pots and close-stools are made
of gold and silver; and this not only in their public halls,
but in their private houses. Of the same metals they also
make chains and fetters for their slaves; on some of whom,
as a badge of infamy, they hang an ear-ring of gold, and
make others wear a chain or a coronet of the same metal.
And thus they take care, by all possible means, to render
gold and silver of no esteem"

From: Utopia
Said by: Moore
About: People of Utopia

Before marriage some grave matron presents the bride, naked, whether she is a virgin or a widow, to the bridegroom, and after that some grave man presents the bridegroom, naked, to the bride. We, indeed, both laughed at this, and condemned it as very indecent. But they, on the other hand, wondered at the folly of the men of all other nations, who, if they are but to buy a horse of a small value, are so cautious that they will see every part of him, and take off both his saddle and all his other tackle, that there may be no secret ulcer hid under any of them, and that yet in the choice of a wife, on which depends the happiness or unhappiness of the rest of his life, a man should venture upon trust, and only see about a handsbreadth of the face, all the rest of the body being covered, under which may lie hid what may be contagious as well as loathsome.

From: Utopia
Said by: Moore
About: People of Utopia

There are also, without their towns, places appointed near some running water for killing their beasts and for washing away their filth, which is done by their slaves; for they suffer none of their citizens to kill their cattle, because they think that pity and good-nature, which are among the best of those affections that are born with us, are much impaired by the butchering of animals;

From: Utopia
Said by: Moore
About: People of Utopia

Pride thinks its own happiness shines the brighter, by comparing it with the misfortunes of other persons; that by displaying its own wealth they may feel their poverty the more sensibly. This is that infernal serpent that creeps into the breasts of mortals, and possesses them too much to be easily drawn out; and

From: Utopia
Said by: Moore
About: Why world isn't like Utopia (conclusion)

With cunning hast thou filch'd my daughter's heart, Turn'd her obedience, which is due to me, To stubborn harshness: and, my gracious duke, Be it so she; will not here before your grace Consent to marry with Demetrius, I beg the ancient privilege of Athens, As she is mine, I may dispose of her: Which shall be either to this gentleman Or to her death, according to our law Immediately provided in that case.

From: Midsummer
Said by: Egeus
About: Scolding Lysandre for being in a relationship with Hermia

"I will discharge it in either your straw-colour beard, your orange-tawny beard, your purple-in-grain beard, or your French-crown-colour beard, your perfect yellow."

From: Midsummer
Said by: Bottom
About: He's talking about how he will do in his role as Pyramis

Some of your French crowns have no hair at all, and then you will play bare-faced. But, masters, here are your parts: and I am to entreat you, request you and desire you, to con them by to-morrow night; and meet me in the palace wood, a mile without the town, by moonlight; there will we rehearse, for if we meet in the city, we shall be dogged with company, and our devices known. In the meantime I will draw a bill of properties, such as our play wants. I pray you, fail me not.

From: Midsummer
Said by: Quince
About: He's instructing his laborers about the rehearsal schedule

"Things base and vile, folding no quantity, Love can transpose to form and dignity: Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; And therefore is wing'd Cupid painted blind: Nor hath Love's mind of any judgement taste; Wings and no eyes figure unheedy haste: And therefore is Love said to be a child, Because in choice he is so oft beguiled."

From: Midsummer
Said by: Helena
About: The definition of love

I love thee not, therefore pursue me not. Where is Lysander and fair Hermia? The one I'll slay, the other slayeth me. Thou told'st me they were stolen unto this wood; And here am I, and wode within this wood, Because I cannot meet my Hermia. Hence, get thee gone, and follow me no more

From: Midsummer
Said by: Dimitrius
About: Rejecting Helena

So we grow together, Like to a double cherry, seeming parted, But yet an union in partition; Two lovely berries moulded on one stem; So, with two seeming bodies, but one heart;

From: Midsummer
Said by: Helena
About: Her friendship with Hermia

The fairy land buys not the child of me. His mother was a votaress of my order: And, in the spiced Indian air, by night, Full often hath she gossip'd by my side, And sat with me on Neptune's yellow sands, Marking the embarked traders on the flood, When we have laugh'd to see the sails conceive And grow big-bellied with the wanton wind; Which she, with pretty and with swimming gait Following,--her womb then rich with my young squire,-- Would imitate, and sail upon the land, To fetch me trifles, and return again, As from a voyage, rich with merchandise.

From: Midsummer
Said by: Titania
About: Why she won't give up the Indian boy to Oberon

None that I more love than myself. You are a counsellor; if you can command these elements to silence, and work the peace of the present, we will not hand a rope more; use your authority: if you cannot, give thanks you have lived so long, and make yourself ready in your cabin for the mischance of the hour..

From: Tempest
Said by: Boatswain
About: warning Gonzalo about the danger of the seas

If I had plantation of this isle… In the commonwealth I would by contraries Execute all things; for no kind of traffic Would I admit; no name of magistrate; Letters should not be known; riches, poverty, And use of service, none; contract, succession, Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none; No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil; No occupation; all men idle, all; And women too, but innocent and pure;

From: Tempest
Said by: Gonzalo
About: what he would do if he had the island

It is a nation, would I answer Plato, that hath no kinde of traffike, no knowledge of Letters, no intelligence of numbers, no name of magistrate, nor of politike superioritie; no use of service, of riches or of povertie; no contracts, no successions, no partitions, no occupation but idle; no respect of kindred, but common, no apparell but naturall, no manuring of lands, no use of wine, corne, or mettle. The very words that import lying, falshood, treason, dissimulations, covetousnes, envie, detraction, and pardon, were never heard of amongst them. How dissonant would hee finde his imaginarie common-wealth from this perfection?

From: On Cannibals
Said by: Montaigne
About: Answering Plato

Where the bee sucks. there suck I: In a cowslip's bell I lie; There I couch when owls do cry. On the bat's back I do fly After summer merrily. Merrily, merrily shall I live now Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

From: The Tempest
Said by: Ariel
About: Moment Ariel is freed

This damn'd witch Sycorax, For mischiefs manifold and sorceries terrible To enter human hearing, from Argier, Thou know'st, was banish'd: for one thing she did They would not take her life.

From: The Tempest
Said by: Prospero
About: Prospero is convincing Ariel of how cruel heer previous owner was

Now my charms are all o'erthrown, And what strength I have's mine own, Which is most faint: now, 'tis true, I must be here confined by you… release me from my bands With the help of your good hands: As you from crimes would pardon'd be, Let your indulgence set me free.

From: The Tempest
Said by: Prospero
About: Prospero's epilogue

Virgil

Classical Roman poet, author of Aeneid

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Ceasar Augustus

Roman Emperor who rebuilt Rome and was a well respected leader (Octavian)

St. Augustine

early christian leader who writes the book City of God that instructs how Christians are to be

Dante Alighieri

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

Emperor Constantine

Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.

St. Benedict

founded a community of monks for which he wrote a set of rules and came to be the standard in the Catholic Church and used by other groups of monks

Muhammad ibn 'Abdullah

Prophet Muhammad - founder of Islam

William of Normandy

"The Conqueror" who defeated Harold at Hastings and conquered England in 1066

Averroes (Ibn Rushd)

He was a Muslim philosopher. In 1100s, he was criticized for blending in Aristotle's and Plato's views with Islamic views. However, he argued back that the philosophies and Islamic beliefs all had the same goal which was to find the truth.

Avicenna (Ibn Sine)

Founder of early modern medicine (book: The Canon of medicine)

Moses Ben Maimon (Maimonides)

Expert on Talmud and Jewish Law; Philosopher

Hildegarde of Bingen

the "Sibyl of the Rhine": a German Benedictine abbess and polymath, active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, medical writer and practitioner. Her Liber Divinorum Operum records a vision in which she experienced an ecstatic loss of consciousness.

Marie de France

Translated Aesop's Fables from Middle English into Anglo-Norman French. Best known as the author of a collection of highly structured lyric poems, the Lais of Marie de France.

Julian of Norwich

Revelations of Divine Love, an account of her mystical visions. The first woman to write a surviving book in English.

Christine de Pizan

Wrote The Book of the City of Ladies and The Treasure of the City of Ladies. The first of these shows the importance of women's past contributions to society, and the second to teach women of all classes how to cultivate useful qualities.

Al-Khwarizmi

Muslim mathematician who pioneered the study of algebra

al-Kindi

the first Muslim thinker to try to harmonize Greek philosophy and the religious precepts of the Qur'an

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school (school of Athens), studied with Plato

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Vitruvius

Great Roman architect of the time of Augustus (27BC - 14 AD) who wrote 10 books on architecture that served as a guidebook to the classical style of Renaissance architectural design

Marsilio Ficino

A Medici client and the most prominent Plato scholar of the renaissance

Lorenzo Di Medici

Ruler of Florence during the Renaissance, patron of artists like Michelangelo (Part of Medici family that got his money through banking)

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect - made mona lisa and throughly examined human body

Michaelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Giorgio Vasari

Italian painter and art historian (1511-1574); wrote The Lives of the Artists, recognizing the Renaissance was beginning

Nicholas Copernicus

Heliocentric theory

Sir Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Jakob Fugger

a German banker and philanthropist who financed the business dealings of the German royal family, the Hapsburgs - became the dominant banking family in Europe after the Medicis

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Hans Holbein the Younger

German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings - drew the cover of Utopia

Baldessare Castiglione

Italian humanist author of The Courtier on the education of the young man into the courtly ideal of a gentleman, focusing on skills, abilities, education, and physical beauty, and being a well-rounded "Renaissance man"

Gallileo

modeled gravity

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe

Michel de Montaigne

Christian humanist who popularized essay as a literary genre and expressed his doubts about the universe

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems.

The Fall of Rome

400 CE ish. Possible theories: over expansion, barbarians sacking Rome, Christianity (undermined Roman religious values that the emperor was divine), lead in water via aqueducts, Epidemics: from Roman troops coming from the East, unclear microorganisms,

The Eastern Empire

Founded by Constantine when the capitol became Constantinople (Istanbul). It was a better location because it could control the strait between the Mediterranean and black sea but it caused the empire to split into 2 (western Catholic church and Eastern orthodox church).

Nicean Creed

Constantinople convoked the Council of Nicea to centralize agreed upon Christian tenants. St. Augustine founded Christian tenants.

Hagia Sophia

"holy wisdom" in latin, used to be the church for the seat of the patriarch in Constantinople but repurposed as a church and then a mosque back and forth

Monasticism

St. Benedict founded monastic lifestyle in the 6th century. Defined the regula who were monks & nuns and the secular who were non-monks & nun priests. They were essential for preserving religious texts.
Henry the 8th destroyed many in the protestant revolution.

Islam

believes in the prophet Muhammad ibn 'Abdullāh (ca.570 - 632). Pictures of his face are forbidden but not his name. The story believes that Gabriel appeared to Mohammed in a cave in Mecca.

Islamic influence

reached the Iberian peninsula until Isabella & Fernando expelled them.

Averos

Mathematician looking @ pythagoras in the School of Athens. representative of preserving classical knowledge.

The Crusades

Religious wars funded by the Latin Church to remove "infedels" and islamic rule, especially in the East during the 1000s. Fought Saladin (1147-93), conquerer of Jerusalem. Financed by England and he was defeated by Richard the Lionheart. Massacred a bunch of jewish people on the way.

The Black Death

- landed in Italy and took two years to spread north. Transmitted from rats -> fleas -> humans on merchant ships. Germans blamed Jewish which became them torturing local Rabbi into admitting it was their fault. Caused insanely painful swollen lymph nodes. 475-350 million died. Work force reduction which resulted in survivors gaining an economic advantage (more power against their lords). End of fuedalism

England

Britan was a Roman colony until the 400s when the legions were called back to fight Barbarians. Antinone's wall and Hadrian's wall were built to protect Roman Britain against the indigenous british people. Germans migrated to Britain in the 400-500 ce. Than in 1066, Norman Invasion when French king william invaded England. Causing the peasants to speak Germanic English and the court to speak french/latin english.

1300 CE

start of the renaissance

Renaissance

What to call it: Renaissance

Italy at the time of the Renaissance

a peninsula of dukedoms, principalities, republics. Broken up into Venice, Florence, Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples. Italy wasn't unified until the 1800s

Papal States

state of the italian church that held a major role in war & peace.

1300 is significant because

this was the time of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio who wrote in Italian (vernacular) rather than Latin

Humanism

a kind of study of subjects outside of the traditional university which offered degrees only in law, medicine, and theology. Pertains to the study of: Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Grammer, translating classical texts, poetry, history, art, and philosophy

Marsilio Ficino

a neo-platonist

Significance of Greek

The former greek colony of Sicily supplied greek tutors to scholars which eventually allowed ancient texts to be rediscovered.

Patronage

cultural work was supported by wealthy patrons. The Medici family was a big example of this. New York Renaissance still has a vast amount of patronage.

The Economist's renaissance

cultural arts built on the foundation of Italian economic prosperity.

Medici family

Florentine banking family that developed international credit systems for trade, lent money to kings and popes such as the king of england. Lorenzo di Medici was the defacto ruler of Italy and the most powerful patron in all Renaissance culture. They called him "Il Magnifico".

Florentine Palazzi

Florence palaces and castles that were from the Florentine merchant class.

Dante Aligheri (1265-1321)

Wrote the divine comedy in Italian that was virgil showing him the underworld.