Reproductive Physiology Final Exam Review

TTU

False

T/F In farm animals, high levels of progesterone from a large follicle both prevents standing heat by having negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

False

T/F Melatonin helps regulate oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary

False

T/F The portal vessel is the bloodstream pathway used to deliver hormones to the posterior pituitary

False

T/F There is only one form of estrogens made in the ovary

False

T/F Implantation takes place in the myometrium of the uterus

False

T/F The posterior pituitary makes some of the hormones it relases

True

T/F Embryo transfer can be used to rapidly spread female genetics

False

T/F Anything that can bind to a receptor, including pesticides and heavy metals, will trigger a response from the cell

False

T/F The receptor for steroid hormones is found inside the cell

False

T/F Puberty in the male is defined as maximum sperm output, while in the female, it is defined as first estrus.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Which hormones is responsible for stimulation of follicular development to induce multiple ovulations—superovulations?

LH, Progesterone

_______ is responsible for corpus luteum formation. Once functional, the CL will secrete_______

Cortisol

Which of the following is not considered a reproductive hormone, but can have positive effects on the reproductive process by being synergistic with prolactin in the female and increasing milk synthesis?

Progesterone

Which hormone is called the hormone of pregnancy and supports the blood supply to the lining of the uterus keeping it healthy?

Progesterone

Which hormone can be administered to animals for synchronization of estrus ovulation, AI, embryo transfer, IVF, and other ARTs?

Uterus, cervix, vagina

Which part(s) of the female reproductive tract can serve as the site of sperm deposition across all species?

uterus, cervix, vagina

Which of the following parts of the female reproductive tract can serve as the site of sperm deposition across all species?

Hypothalamus, LH

GRNH is synthesized in the ______ and stimulates the release of ________

Positive Feedback Loop (PFL)

When estrogen levels are low but present, GNRH is being secreted due to a________

Inhibin, Testis

________ is synthesized in the ________ and is responsible for maintaining specific testosterone range.

The uterus would be relaxing, the mucus would thin out, the cervix would be opening

Which of the following would be caused by very high levels of estrogen?

Increase, anestrus

In long day breeding, decreased sunlight will ______ melatonin production, thus triggering the animal to enter ______

Diet, weather/environment, size, physical demands

Which of the following would influence the onset of puberty?

Prolactin, PRF

Which of the following is needed for milk synthesis?

Simplex

Which type uterus would be characterized as have a large uterine body with little to no horns?

LH

Which hormone is released from the AP in response to extremely high levels of estrogen?

Estrogen

A cow has a dominate follicle and nor corpus luteum on her ovary, which of the steroid hormones is she making?

Placental Lactogen

Which placental hormone directly controls fetal growth?

uterus, cervix, oviduct

Cilia are present on surface cells of the _____ to help move sperm up the female reproductive tract.

Placental lactogen

Once mammary tissue is in place, which hormone(s), from the placenta help control milk production.

melatonin

The production and release of ________ is directly related to time light exposure.

estrogen levels are high

A follicle is about to ovulate…

placenta, uterus, gonad

Which of the following endocrine glands makes relaxin?

be made in the hypothalamus, travel thru the portal vessel, be made by nerve cells

To be a neurohormone, a hormone can…

are made by ductless glands, must enter the blood stream, do not initiate chemical reactions

Using the classic definition of a hormone…

sufficient sperm output in the male to settle a female, sexual maturity, increasing estrogen in the female

Which of the following can be used to define puberty

secondary sex characteristics

The neck of a bull thickens as he grows—this is an example of…

has luteolytic effects on CL

PGF2a and PGF2 have all the same functions EXCEPT which of the following?

Spread of a single individuals’ genes

What would be an individuals’ primary purpose for reproduction?

PGF2a

Which of the following hormones might represent a serious risk to a pregnant woman working with synchronizing cattle?

CRH BP

In mid pregnancy, CRH levels drastically increase, but are non-effective due to______

Arc Reflex

________ is a physiological pathway involving nerve or nerve to hormone interaction which creates a demand and then supplies a physiological product

PIF, PRF

In nonpregnant and early pregnant animals _____ levels would be high and in late pregnant to early postpartum animals ______ levels would be higher.

determines half life, acts on all cells in the body, makes more receptors

Hormonal feedback loop are a physiological process where a hormone is measured by the pathway that creates is thus being part of the mechanism that _________

PGF2a

Lutylase and estrumate are two commercially available compounds of what hormone?

LH, FSH

PMSG has _______ like effects in the horse and helps to recruit secondary CLs to increase progesterone production and help maintain pregnancy; however in all other domestic species, it mimics the effects of _______

growth regulator

Placental lactogen has two important roles, it increases milk synthesis and is a _________

is controlled in part by blood temperature, is controlled in part by the cremaster muscles, can be lowered by sweating

The temperature of the testes…

epididymus tail

Where would you expect to find the highest concentration of sperm cells within the male’s reproductive tract?

epididymus

Biochemically, sperm cells in the ________ are the first to contain the enzymes necessary to fertilize an egg.

Equine

Which of the following species can ovulate during postpartum estrus?

60 days

It takes approximately ______ days from the time a spermatogonia begins to divide until its resulting spermatozoa can be released from the cauda epididymus

epididymus

Under normal circumstances, which of the following parts of the male anatomy are paired?

spermatid

Which of the following cells has haploid set of chromosomes?

False

T/F The cortex of the ovary contains the blood and nerve supply, and all forms of corpus luteum

Structures on the ovary

Which dictates each phase of the estrous cycle?

Anestrus

Period when the ovary and hormones are quiescent like they were before puberty.

Corpus Hemorrhagicum

Metestrus can be identified when which structure is on the ovary?

longest period of the estrous cycle in the domestic species, characterized by rising or high levels of progesterone; GnRH, FSH, and LH are inhibited, and maternal recognition must occur in this phase if animal is pregnant—she must realize she is pregnant

Diestrus is described as…

continuous estrus

Estrous animals with a constant desire to mate and whose ovulation is triggered by the act of mating is termed…

False

T/F The corpus hemorrhagicum is considered a functional strucutre?

True

T/F An animal must have a functional corpus luteum to respond to PGF2a

Corpus albicans

The scar tissue that forms from a corpus luteum regresses and once a cycle ends.

the release of PGF2a from the uterus, death of the large luteal cells, lack of containing LH like stimulus to the small cell luteal cells

During a nonpregnant cycle, the CL regresses due to…

production is lowered by long periods of daylight

In the horse, melatonin…

Production is blocked by long periods of daylight, causes stimulation of GnRH, is present in large amounts when animals are in cycle

In sheep, melatonin…

a period of increasing daily light

Which of the following can be used to define spring?

still retain enough sperm to result in pregnancy

In general, during nonbreeding season, males are…

Anestrous

In monoestrus animals, what is the long period called that separates each cycle?

animal will ovulate, animal will not stand to be mated, is seen in animals after a long anestrus, can be caused by heat stress

During silent heat…

Timed

Reproduction is a series of physiological and psychological event that must be properly

Breeding exhaustion

A point where male has mated too many times and is producing too few sperm to allow for a reasonable chance for pregnancy is called?

FSH

Ganulosa cells while under the influence of _________, the enzyme aromatase removes the last carbon and causes the formation of the organic ring in the estrogen molecule

Ovulation fossa

Most mammals can ovulate over almost the entire ovarian surface; the horse ovulates at only one specific point termed the…

he has maximum sperm production

Reproductive maturity in male occurs when…

Genetics, weight, nutrition, season

Which can influence the onset of puberty?

Diestrus

An animal is going into anestrus, she just finished the _______ phase of her estrous cycle

Cow

Which species ovulates during metestrus?

False

T/F 9% of all follicles will be ovulated.

True

T/F Highest levels of progesterone during the estrous cycles are associated with the corpus luteum

False

T/F The hormone-independent phase of follicle development only occurs before birth

False

T/F photoperiod varies most at the equator

True

T/F Long nights lead to increased melatonin production in both horses and sheep

True

T/F Moving seasonal polyestrus animals, during anestrus, across the equator will lead to the start of estrous

Midpiece

Which part of a mature sperm cell contains the mitochondria

buffers, fluids, an energy source

Accessory glands provide the semen with:

urethra

Serves as a common pathway for urine and semen

Spermatocytogenesis

Which is the term to describe the process for making a spermatogonium into a spermatocyte

Spermiogenesis

Is the term to describe the metamorphosis of spermatocyte to a spermatozoa

Acrosome

In the sperm, the enzymes necessary to penetrate the egg are found specifically in the…

female tract

Complete the final maturation of sperm cells takes place in the…

spermatogenesis

Is the term to describe the complete process for transforming a spermatogonium into a spermatozoa

False

T/F Like females, males have the most mature spermatozoa they will ever have before birth

False

T/F In theory, one dividing spermatogonium will result in the formation of 32 mature sperm cells

False

T/F The sperm tail is important for moving sperm from the site of deposition to the site of fertilization

False

T/F On average, the scrotal sac is a few degrees warmer than the rest of the male body.

true

t/f: Highest levels of progesterone during the estrous cycle are associated with the corpus luteum

true

(T/F) All forms of gametes and hormone producing cells are found in the cortex

true

T/F An animal must have a functional corpus luteum to respond to PGF2a.

LH surge has occurred, animal is showing estrus behavior, enzymes are activated to weaken the basement membrane

A Graafian follicle is preparing to ovulate, what's occurring?