DPT Anatomy Exam 2

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

What three bones make up the os coxae?

Pelvic inlet

superior opening of true pelvis; bordered by pelvic brim

Pelvic outlet

Inferior opening of the pelvis enclosed by the pelvic diaphragm

Bodies of the pubic rami and the pubic symphyses

What makes up the anterior border of the pelvic wall?

Sacrum, coccyx, SI joint, and associated ligaments

What makes up the posterior border of the pelvic wall?

Obturator internus and hip bones

What makes up the lateral border of the pelvic wall?

Ischial tuberosities and pubic symphyses

What landmarks made up the urogenital triangle?

Ischial tuberosities and the coccyx

What landmarks make up the anal triangle?

Coccygeus and levator ani muscles (puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus)

What muscles make up the pelvic floor?

Levator ani n.

What nerve innervates the muscles of the pelvic floor?

Puborectalis relaxes and the anal sphincter opens

What two things happen for defecation to occur?

Internal iliac artery

What is the main blood supply to the pelvic region?

Anterior and posterior branches

What splits from the internal iliac artery?

Superior gluteal a., iliolumbar a., and lateral sacral a.

What three arteries come from the posterior branch of the internal iliac artery?

Obturator a., pudendal a., and inferior gluteal a.

What three arteries come from the anterior branch of the internal iliac artery?

Inferior gluteal a.

What is the main blood supply of the pelvic diaphragm?

Stress incontinence

Urinary leaking when coughing, laughing, sneezing, or exertion

Urge incontinence

Urinary leaking in response to cues/triggers like running water, frequent urination

Mixed incontinence

Both stress and urge incontinence

Overflow incontinence

Chronic dribbling of urine and frequent urination

Robert's maneuver / At risk for tearing / Episiotomy away from midline to avoid tearing of anus

What does an OBGYN do when the baby's shoulder is stuck (shoulder dystocia)? What are mothers at risk for her? What do some doctors do to prevent risk from getting worse?

Posteriorly (which is how we orient the femur)

Linea aspera of femur points in what direction?

Lateral: Sartorius

Medial: Adductor longus

Superior: Inguinal ligament

Roof: Fascia lata

Floor: Iliopsoas and pectineus

Describe the borders of the femoral triangle.

- Profunda femoris a. (branch off femoral a.)

- Femoral a. / v.

- Femoral n.

- Lateral femoral cutaneous n.

- Lymph vessels

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

Adductor magnus / Femoral a. turns into popliteal a.

What muscle creates the adductor hiatus? What is the name change that occurs here?

- Sartorius

- Rectus femoris

- Vastus medius

- Vastus intermedius

- Vastus lateralis

- Iliopsoas

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Femoral n.

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Iliopsoas - inserts on lesser trochanter

What anterior compartment muscle doesn't extend the thigh?

Rectus femoris

What muscle in the anterior compartment is the only muscle to cross both the hip and knee joint and therefore contribute to hip flexion and knee extension?

- Pectineus

- Gracilis

- Adductor longus

- Adductor magnus

- Adductor brevis

Name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh.

Obturator n. (pectineus is also innervated by the femoral n.)

What nerve innervates the medial thigh?

Hip flexion and adduction

What is action of the medial compartment of the thigh?

Gracilis

Which muscle of the medial compartment of the thigh extends the knee joint as well as the hip joint?

sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus

Name the three muscles of the pes anserine group from medial insertion to lateral (superficial to deep).

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris (short and long heads)

What four muscles make up the posterior thigh?

Tibial portion of the sciatic

What nerve innervates the majority of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Biceps femoris short head - innervated by the common peroneal portion of the sciatic n.

What is the exception for nerve innervation in the posterior compartment?

Profunda femoris a.

What is the main blood supply of the thigh?

Flex the knee and extend the hip (except biceps femoris short head which only flexes the knee since it doesn't have a hip origin)

What are the functions of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Ischial tuberosity (except biceps femoris short head which originates from the linea aspera of the femur)

Where do the hamstring muscles originate?

Semitendinosus and semimembranosus / tibia

What are the medial hamstrings and where do they insert?

Biceps femoris short and long heads / fibula

What are the lateral hamstrings and where do they insert?

- Supero-medial: semitendinosus and semimembranosus

- Supero-lateral: biceps femoris

- Infero-medial: medial gastroc

- Infero-lateral: lateral gastroc

- Roof: fascia lata

- Floor: popliteal surface of the femur

Describe the borders of the popliteal fossa

- tibial n. from sciatic n.

- common peroneal n. from sciatic n

- popliteal a / v

- origins of sural n. (from tibial n.)

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa

Medial malleolus (tibia), lateral malleolus (fibula), and the tibial pilon (plafond)

What three structures create the ankle mortice?

Anterior intermuscular septum

What separates the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg?

Posterior intermuscular septum

What separates the posterior and lateral compartments of the leg?

Transverse intermuscular septum

What separates the posterior compartment of the leg into a superficial and deep layer?

- Tibialis anterior

- Extensor digitorum longus

- Extensor hallucis longus

- Peroneus tertius

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the leg?

Deep peroneal n.

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?

Anterior tibial a.

What is the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?

Retinaculum

What is connective tissue which holds the leg/foot tendons into place?

- Extensor digitorum brevis

- Extensor hallucis brevis

What are the two dorsal muscles of the foot originating on the calcaneus?

Deep peroneal n.

What nerve innervates the two dorsal muscles of the foot?

- Fibularis longus

- Fibularis brevis

What two muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?

Superficial peroneal n.

What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?

Peroneal a.

What is the blood supply to the lateral compartment of the leg?

Eversion and plantarflexion

What is the muscle function of the lateral compartment of the leg?

- Gastrocnemius

- soleus

- plantaris

What three muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior leg muscles?

- Tibialis posterior

- Flexor hallucis longus

- Flexor digitorum longus

- Popliteus

What four muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior leg muscles?

Tibial n. (from sciatic n.)

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg?

Posterior tibial a.

What is the blood supply to the posterior compartment of the leg?

Achilles tendon

Where do all of the superficial posterior compartment muscles (gastrocs, soleus, plantaris) insert on?

Plantar aponeurosis

Thickening of the plantar fascia similar to that found in the palm of the hand

Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse arches

What are the three arches of the foot?

- Abductor hallucis

- Abductor digiti quinti

- Flexor digitorum brevis

What the muscles make up the 1st layer of the foot? ( Most superficial)

Medial plantar n.

What nerve innervates the 1st layer of the foot?

- Flexor digitorum longus

- Flexor hallucis longus

- Quadratus plantae

- Lumbricals

What four muscles (group of muscles for one) make up the second layer of the foot?

- flexor hallucis brevis

- flexor digiti quinti

- Adductor hallucis

What three muscles make up the 3rd layer of the foot?

- Plantar interossei (3)

- Dorsal interossei (4)

What two muscle groups make up the fourth layer of the foot?

Lateral plantar n.

What nerve innervates the interossei of the foot?

Adduct (PAD)

The function of the plantar interossei is?

Abduct (DAB)

The function of the dorsal interossei is?

External and internal iliac arteries

The abdominal aorta branches into the common iliac artery which then branches into the....

Anterior branch and posterior branch of the internal iliac artery

The internal iliac artery branches into....

- Obturator a.

- Pudendal a.

- Inferior gluteal a.

The anterior branch of the internal iliac artery branches into the....

- Superior gluteal a.

- Iliolumbar a.

- Lateral sacral a.

The posterior branch of the internal iliac artery branches into the...

Femoral a. (amongst others)

The external iliac artery passes under the inguinal ligament to form the...

Profunda femoris a. which then gives rise to the...

- perforating arteries

- lateral circumflex a.

- medial circumflex a.

The femoral a. passes through the femoral triangle giving rise to the...

Popliteal a.

Once the femoral a. passes through the adductor hiatus, it becomes the...

Anterior tibial a.

Part of the popliteal a. passes through the interosseous membrane anteriorly and becomes the...

Dorsalis pedis a.

The anterior tibial a. becomes the _______ once it crosses the ankle on the dorsal aspect of the foot.

Deep plantar a.

Arcuate a.

The dorsalis pedis artery gives rise to these two arteries....

Posterior tibial a.

The popliteal a. becomes the _________ after giving off the peroneal a.

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

The posterior tibial artery gives rise to which two arteries?

Tibial n. and common fibular n.

What are the two branches of the sciatic nerve?

Genicular branches of the sciatic nerve branches

What nerve supplies the knee joint?

Medial and lateral plantar n.

The tibial nerve becomes which two nerves?

Abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis, and the first lumbrical

What four muscles does the medial plantar n. innervate?

Superficial fibular n. and the deep fibular n.

What two nerves branch off the common fibular n.?

Superior popliteal fossa

Where does the sciatic nerve officially bifurcate (and the sciatic sheath ends)?