renaissance and protestant reformation

renaissance

meaning the rebirth of ancient greece and rome; golden age time in europe

humanism

cultural intellectual movement at the heart of the renaissance

individualism

emphasis on individual ability, achievement, and worth

classicism

renewed interest of ancient greece and rome

secularism

emphasis on secular

renaissance man

a person with many talents or areas of knowledge

secular

nonreligious; focused more on the "here and now" rather than afterlife

vernacular

everyday, ordinary language

florence

symbolized the italian renaissance; produced many poets, artists, architects, scholars, etc.; ruled by a wealthy group of merchants and bankers who could back this movement; money=power

the medici family

powerful banking and merchant family of florence; very wealthy and exerted political and cultural power; generous patrons of the arts

patrons

financial supporters

cosimo de medici

gained control of the government and family ruled florence for many years

lorenze de medici

best known medici; cosimo de medici's grandson; clever politician; very generous patron of the arts

i1 magnifico

lorenzo de medici

the book of the courtier

written by baldassare castiglione; describes the ideal renaissance standards the nobility needed to have (standard of conduct)

burghers

shopkeepers, artisans, and guild members who provided goods and services for the town

realistic

an art style that represents human and nature exactly how they were seen

perspective

represent a 3d world; what we see onto a 2d surface

leonardo da vinci

mona lisa, last supper, the lady with the ermine, saint john the baptist

michelangelo

creation of adam, pieta, statue of david

donatello

bronze statue of david

rapheal

school of athens

erasmus

northern european humanist who defined the movement in the north; critical of the abuses within the catholic church and called for reform; kept distance from people like martin luther, henry viii, and john calvin; believed problems in the catholic church could be fixed stayed committed to it

sir thomas moore

friend of erasmus; english humanist; wanted social and economic reform; famous work utopia

utopia

describes an ideal society in which men and women live in peace and harmony

albrecht durer

"the german leonardo"; one of the most influential artists of northern europe; brought back works and techniques of italian artists and used them in his works; a "renaissance man"

jan van eyck

popular flemish, northern europe, artist; perfected a newly developed technique: oil painting

rene descartes

philosopher and mathematician; regarded as father of modern philosophy; applied mathematics and logics to understanding the world; "i think therefore i am"

johannes gutenberg

developed the printing press

the printing revolution

began with the printing press; technology spread quickly and ushered in mass production of books; more learned to read and write; gutenberg bible- first bible ever printed; more people can read the bible for themselves; reform ideas spread

printing press

invention during the renaissance that will help reformation ideas spread rapidly

the protestant reformation

religious, political, and cultural upheaval that split catholic europe in the 16th century

causes of the protestant reformation

social, political, economic, religious

social

the renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church; the printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the church

political

powerful monarchs challenged the church as supreme power in europe; many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

economic

european princes and kings were jealous of the church's wealth; merchants and others resented having to pass taxes to the church

religious

some church leaders had become worldly and corrupt; many people found the church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable

john tenzel

german priest who sold indulgences to any christian who contributed money for the rebuilding of the cathedral of st. peter in rome; would secure their place in heaven as well as their dead relatives; outraged martin luther

martin luther

german monk outraged by the corruption of the church; drew up a list of arguments against the church and argued against indulgences

95 theses

a list of arguments against the church and against indulgences; nailed the list on the local; printed and distributed across europe

pope leo x

the pope that told martin luther to recant his teachings and when he refused excommunicated him

pope paul iii

pope who began counter reformation and called the council of trent

diet of worms

martin luther was summoned to the german city of worms where he thought he would be defending but was ordered give them up; luther refused and was declared an outlaw

edict of worms

issued by charles v, holy roman emperor, and said martin luther was an outlaw, heretic, and nobody should help him; his teaching would be banned and burned

john calvin

another reformer who challenged the church's authority; believed what luther believed but had a few different beliefs as well such as predestination

predestination

god alone predetermines who will be saved; divine knowing of salvation

henry viii of england

"defender of the faith"; at first was against reformation but lacked a male heir and wanted to annul his marriage to remarry but the pope refused; furious and separates church of england from roman catholic (anglican)

act of supermacy

made henry viii "the only supreme head on the earth of the church of england"

edward vi

rules at the age of 9 and dies at the age of 15; protestant but kept some catholic doctrines

mary i

determined to make england catholic again; burned many at the stake for heresy; failed

bloody mary

the name mary i got for burning many at the stake for heresy during her rule

elizabeth i

protestant queen who wanted to form a "middle way" in england; worked to restore unity in england

elizabethan settlement

a policy of religious compromise by elizabeth i

the counter reformation (goals)

re-establish the church's moral authority; end corruption within; stop protestant movement; fix the whole church

council of trent

called by the pope to reaffirm traditional catholic views, end abuses in the church, and fix immorality and corruption of the church; fix what's within the church

the roman inquisition

church court created to deal with the protestant threat directly; used torture and execution to root out what the church considered heresy

jesuits

new religious order of the catholic church founded by ignatius of loyola; dedicated to combating heresy and spreading the catholic faith; represented the church's new commitment to religious education, moral reform, strict obedience

thirty years war

peace of augsburg: treaty allowed coexistence of roman catholicism and lutheranism in holy roman empire; ferdinand ii becomes holy roman emperor and enforces catholicism on all subjects; many revolts and eventually became political- many groups joined; peace of westphalia ended the war and established fixed boundaries for countries involved and decreed residents of a state were subject to laws of that state and not to those of any other institution, secular or religious

scientific revolution

a period of significant scientific and intellectual change that occured in europe between the 16th and 17th centuries

scientific revolution causes

universities, the renaissance, printing press

universities

greek scholarship became the foundation of medieval university curriculum thanks to islamic scholars who had preserved and amended aristotelian texts

the renaissance cause

the wealthy (merchants) patronized studies into the world

printing press cause

the printing press made it possible to circulate new findings about the natural world with great speed to word readership

copernicus

the father of modern astronomy.; he proposed the heliocentric theory; he contradicted the church's & ptolemy's geocentric theory.

galileo

the father of modern science; he used technology to assemble an astronomical telescope that let him observe & describe the characteristics of different things labels; the church condemned him & he was attacked by scholars.

isaac newton

british scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, and built the first telescope that proved white light was composite of all colors.

francis bacon

english politician, writer; formalized the empirical method; inductive reasoning; he developed the scientific method

johannes kepler

assistant to brahe; used brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; wrote 3 laws of planetary motion

anne of cleves

4th wife; divorced

anne boleyn

2nd wife; beheaded for treason; mother of elizabeth i

ancient greece and rome

caused renaissance by the rebirth of this

catherine of aragon

1st wife; marriage annulled

bible

used by henry viii to justify his annulment of catherine of aragon

catherine howard

5th wife; executed for adultery

catherine parr

6th wife; no children and out lived henry viii

heliocentric

theory that the sun is at the center of universe

italy

where the renaissance began; powerful, wealth, and lots of trading ports

jane seymour

3rd wife; died during childbirth; mother of edward vi

muslim scholars

contributed to the renaissance by preserving and amending aristotelian texts

ptolemy

creator of the geocentric theory

italian (italian vs. northern europe)

began in italy; lots of trade; muslim scholars; humanism ->secular; big artists: leonardo, michelangelo, raphael, donatello

northern europe (italian vs. northern europe)

spread to flanders; strong trading region; humanism -> religious; big artists: albercht durer, jan van eyck

henry viii's reason for departure of the roman catholic church

he wanted to annul his marriage to his wife, catherine of aragon, so that he could marry anne boleyn and hopefully produce a male heir; political