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What are the three parts of The Food Timeline?
Hunter-Gather Age, Agricultural Revolution, and The Industrial Evolution
What time period was The Hunter-Gather era?
Pre 8000 BC
What time period was The Agricultural Revolution?
8000 BC - 1800 AD
What time period was The Industrial Revolution?
1800 AD - Present Day
What made Hunter-Gatherers different from other periods
They foraged and LOOKED for food MOST OF THE TIME
What was the Neanderthal's main food source?
Plant-Based Diet
True or False: Cavemen were nomadic
True
What did the nature of available food lead to during cavemen times?
Speciliaztion such as rivers and fishing
What tool helped us advance beyond other species and is also helped with food?
Fire
What was the first brain phase called in Human Evolution?
Austrolopithecus
What was the 2nd brain phase called in Human Evolution?
Homoerectus
What was a result of the brain getting new structure (what did humans do in terms of consuming food)
The discovery of eating meat, making weapons, and other specializations like fishing
What happened next after humans discovered meat and became Homoerectus?
They started to cook and made better foods
How else did humans evolve other than brain but in accordance to how their body did
Smaller guts, Tooth size reduction, increased energy availability and larger brains/bodies
How did fire influence humans in terms of land
It helped humans migrate to find new habitats to try and explore in and exploit new land for new food
What is the main thing that differed the Agricultural Revolution from The Hunter-Gather Stage
Domestication of plants and animals
What important thing started with Agriculture that affects all human life?
Civilizations
What are 3 ways the Farmers differed from The Cavemen
Ferile land/Crop cultivation, Animal Domestication, Expansion of Farming tactics and tools
What type of settlements did farmers have that differed from Cavemen
Non Nomadic, permanent settlements
What were 3 disadvantages of being a Farmer in The Agricultural Revolution?
Infectious Diseases spread easily, Waste Disposal Issues, Land Fertility wasting due to overuse.
What is Food Science?
the study of the physical, biological, and chemical makeup of food; and the concepts underlying food processing
What is Food Technology?
The application of food science to the selection, preservation, processing, packaging, distribution, and use of safe, nutritious, and wholesome food.
What period helped create Food Science and Food Technology?
The Industrial Revolution
How did the Industrial Revolution impact population
It made it skyrocket and increase exponentially.
What type of manipulation did we use in our foods to make them better
Genetic and Chemical
Can food for one person be the same for another?
No
What are the 4 POVs of looking at food.
Physiologically, Chemically, Culturally, Ideally
What is food Physiologically?
Nutrition
Why is food energy important?
to live and grow
What is Metabolism?
Chemical Reaction where cells produce substances and energy to produce life
What happens when Metabolism breaks down organic compounds?
Heat and Energy are provided in Catabolism
What contributes to Body Mass?
Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Atoms, Essential Molecules
The 3 important Macromolecules
Proteins, Carbs, Fats/Lipids
The important Micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
Is hunger/thirst a physiological need for food
Yes
Chemically, what are foods mostly consisted of?
Water
What is the 2nd largest component of Food
Carbs, Proteins, Fat/Lipids
What is The Humoral Theory
belief that functioning is related to having too much or too little of the four key bodily fluids: Blood, Phlgem, Yellow Bile, and Black Bile
What is the Humoral Theory related to?
Earth, Air, Fire, Water
What is The Humoral Theory BELIEVED to do?
Control someone's temperament
What is Yin and Yang?
Opposite interconnected forces
What does Yin mean and what does it represent?
The shady side of a mountain and it means Dark, Wet, Cold, Feminine
What does Yang mean and what does it represent?
The sunny side of a mountain and it means Light, Dry, Warm, Masculine
How does China view food as?
Medicine, they check your diet first when at a doctor's and they use food to keep in balance.
What are the 3 ways food is classified according to "Yin and Yang"
"Cool Cold - Neutral - Warm Hot"
What is considered a cold food (Yin)
Some Fruits, Vegetables, Water-Plants
What is considered a hot food (Yang)
Red Meat, Root Vegetables, Spices like ginger and chili peppers.
How does Yin Food affect the body
Cooling/Moisturizing of the body (energetics)
How does Yang Food affect the body
Drying and warming the body (energetics)
Yin/Yang food has to do with energetics
True
What organs do the chinese think these tastes can affect for cures in order (Bitter, Sour, Spicy, Salty, Sweet)
Heart, Liver, Lung, Kidney, Spleen
What can food represent culturally?
an ethnic or national statement.
What traditional food is Corned Beef and Cabbage
Irish-American
For an example, what is a Japan national food?
Sushi
Can food affect religion?
yes
What does Kosher mean
Proper
What does Treif mean
Not Kosher (not proper)
What does Halal mean
Lawful
What does Haram mean
Prohibited
Kosher Symbols
Is Kosher food blessed or not blessed?
Not blessed
What is the difference between Halal and Kosher
Both are blessed but Halal has to bless MEAT as well
What are allowed animals for Kosher
Split hoof that eat their cud (cow, sheep, goat, deer, giraffe (NOT PIG OR RABBIT)
Traditional Domestic Birds (NOT Ostrich, Emu, Rhea)
Fish (remove fins and removable scales)
Why is killing an animal per Kosher so difficult?
Specific Slaughter Requirements, Deveining of animals after inspection and Salting/Soaking
Does Kosher Laws apply to ALL animal products like milk?
Yes
Third Law of Kosher?
Separation of Dairy and Meat
4th Law of Kosher?
Prohibited grains at Passover
First law of Halal?
Prohibited of specific animals (mostly Pork)
Second Law of Halal?
Prohibition of drugs and Intoxicants
3rd Law of Halal?
Prohibition of Blood, (slaughtered animals must be blessed)
When do Orthodox Christians fast?
40 days before Easter
What are all Orthodox Christian food?
Clean
What days do they fast
Wednesdays and Fridays
What are 3 reasons to why food restrictions exist
Holy text like the bible, Originally for health reasons, defines a religous community
Can foods be a term of status?
Yes
What are two examples of places where food is used as celebration
Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival (Moon Cakes) or Botswana celebrations
When was the first instance of a celebration
Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC - 256 BC) where the emperor thanked the moon for the harvest and prayed for the 2nd year
What should food be Ideally?
Wholesome, Safe, Nutritious, Appealing, Stable, Convenient, sufficient, affordable, available, appropriate,
What are macronutrients (definition, not the three types)?
Nutrients that are required in large amounts for a living organism.
What is a calorie?
Unit of measure of energy that our body uses for all our vital processes
What is consistently told as the amount of calories to consume in a day? And why is it not straightforward?
2000 calories, but it's not straightforward to how many calories depending on the food and how our body processes it.
How many calories per gram is in Proteins, Carbs, and Fats respectively?
4, 4, and 9
What is the most common organic molecule?
carbohydrates
What two things can Carbohydrates provide other than taste?
Fiber and Carbon
How much energy does Fiber give?
None
What are the two types of Carbohydrates?
simple sugars and complex carbohydrates
What are the two types of simple sugars
monosaccharides and disaccharides
What is an example of a complex carbohydrate?
starch and Polysaccharides
Why is Mono, Poly and Di important for simple sugars?
It shows the number of sugar moieties in carbs.
Where can Starch be found?
grains and grain-based products
What are the two polymers that make up Starch?
amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched)
What happens when Starch interacts with water
It starts to form Starch Paste as it swells up
What are some examples of Starch-based foods?
Rice + water and Corn Meal + Water + Heat
What is Starch Retrogradation?
realignment of the starch polymers that causes the expulsion of water. It causes the staling of bread (and other foods)
What is staling? (going stale)
A chemical and physical process in bread and other food that reduces their palatability
What is Stale Bread described as?
Dry and leathery
Does Staling cause Mold?
No, but Mold can accompany Staling
What determines the amount of Retrogradation?
The amount of Amylopectin. The more of this, the less Retrogradation
What are Starches with high Amylopectins called?
Waxy Starches (Cornstarch is an example)
Why do manufacturers chemically modify starches?
To prevent Retrogradation
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