FST Midterm 1 Review

What are the three parts of The Food Timeline?

Hunter-Gather Age, Agricultural Revolution, and The Industrial Evolution

What time period was The Hunter-Gather era?

Pre 8000 BC

What time period was The Agricultural Revolution?

8000 BC - 1800 AD

What time period was The Industrial Revolution?

1800 AD - Present Day

What made Hunter-Gatherers different from other periods

They foraged and LOOKED for food MOST OF THE TIME

What was the Neanderthal's main food source?

Plant-Based Diet

True or False: Cavemen were nomadic

True

What did the nature of available food lead to during cavemen times?

Speciliaztion such as rivers and fishing

What tool helped us advance beyond other species and is also helped with food?

Fire

What was the first brain phase called in Human Evolution?

Austrolopithecus

What was the 2nd brain phase called in Human Evolution?

Homoerectus

What was a result of the brain getting new structure (what did humans do in terms of consuming food)

The discovery of eating meat, making weapons, and other specializations like fishing

What happened next after humans discovered meat and became Homoerectus?

They started to cook and made better foods

How else did humans evolve other than brain but in accordance to how their body did

Smaller guts, Tooth size reduction, increased energy availability and larger brains/bodies

How did fire influence humans in terms of land

It helped humans migrate to find new habitats to try and explore in and exploit new land for new food

What is the main thing that differed the Agricultural Revolution from The Hunter-Gather Stage

Domestication of plants and animals

What important thing started with Agriculture that affects all human life?

Civilizations

What are 3 ways the Farmers differed from The Cavemen

Ferile land/Crop cultivation, Animal Domestication, Expansion of Farming tactics and tools

What type of settlements did farmers have that differed from Cavemen

Non Nomadic, permanent settlements

What were 3 disadvantages of being a Farmer in The Agricultural Revolution?

Infectious Diseases spread easily, Waste Disposal Issues, Land Fertility wasting due to overuse.

What is Food Science?

the study of the physical, biological, and chemical makeup of food; and the concepts underlying food processing

What is Food Technology?

The application of food science to the selection, preservation, processing, packaging, distribution, and use of safe, nutritious, and wholesome food.

What period helped create Food Science and Food Technology?

The Industrial Revolution

How did the Industrial Revolution impact population

It made it skyrocket and increase exponentially.

What type of manipulation did we use in our foods to make them better

Genetic and Chemical

Can food for one person be the same for another?

No

What are the 4 POVs of looking at food.

Physiologically, Chemically, Culturally, Ideally

What is food Physiologically?

Nutrition

Why is food energy important?

to live and grow

What is Metabolism?

Chemical Reaction where cells produce substances and energy to produce life

What happens when Metabolism breaks down organic compounds?

Heat and Energy are provided in Catabolism

What contributes to Body Mass?

Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Atoms, Essential Molecules

The 3 important Macromolecules

Proteins, Carbs, Fats/Lipids

The important Micronutrients?

vitamins and minerals

Is hunger/thirst a physiological need for food

Yes

Chemically, what are foods mostly consisted of?

Water

What is the 2nd largest component of Food

Carbs, Proteins, Fat/Lipids

What is The Humoral Theory

belief that functioning is related to having too much or too little of the four key bodily fluids: Blood, Phlgem, Yellow Bile, and Black Bile

What is the Humoral Theory related to?

Earth, Air, Fire, Water

What is The Humoral Theory BELIEVED to do?

Control someone's temperament

What is Yin and Yang?

Opposite interconnected forces

What does Yin mean and what does it represent?

The shady side of a mountain and it means Dark, Wet, Cold, Feminine

What does Yang mean and what does it represent?

The sunny side of a mountain and it means Light, Dry, Warm, Masculine

How does China view food as?

Medicine, they check your diet first when at a doctor's and they use food to keep in balance.

What are the 3 ways food is classified according to "Yin and Yang"

"Cool Cold - Neutral - Warm Hot"

What is considered a cold food (Yin)

Some Fruits, Vegetables, Water-Plants

What is considered a hot food (Yang)

Red Meat, Root Vegetables, Spices like ginger and chili peppers.

How does Yin Food affect the body

Cooling/Moisturizing of the body (energetics)

How does Yang Food affect the body

Drying and warming the body (energetics)

Yin/Yang food has to do with energetics

True

What organs do the chinese think these tastes can affect for cures in order (Bitter, Sour, Spicy, Salty, Sweet)

Heart, Liver, Lung, Kidney, Spleen

What can food represent culturally?

an ethnic or national statement.

What traditional food is Corned Beef and Cabbage

Irish-American

For an example, what is a Japan national food?

Sushi

Can food affect religion?

yes

What does Kosher mean

Proper

What does Treif mean

Not Kosher (not proper)

What does Halal mean

Lawful

What does Haram mean

Prohibited

Kosher Symbols

Is Kosher food blessed or not blessed?

Not blessed

What is the difference between Halal and Kosher

Both are blessed but Halal has to bless MEAT as well

What are allowed animals for Kosher

Split hoof that eat their cud (cow, sheep, goat, deer, giraffe (NOT PIG OR RABBIT)

Traditional Domestic Birds (NOT Ostrich, Emu, Rhea)

Fish (remove fins and removable scales)

Why is killing an animal per Kosher so difficult?

Specific Slaughter Requirements, Deveining of animals after inspection and Salting/Soaking

Does Kosher Laws apply to ALL animal products like milk?

Yes

Third Law of Kosher?

Separation of Dairy and Meat

4th Law of Kosher?

Prohibited grains at Passover

First law of Halal?

Prohibited of specific animals (mostly Pork)

Second Law of Halal?

Prohibition of drugs and Intoxicants

3rd Law of Halal?

Prohibition of Blood, (slaughtered animals must be blessed)

When do Orthodox Christians fast?

40 days before Easter

What are all Orthodox Christian food?

Clean

What days do they fast

Wednesdays and Fridays

What are 3 reasons to why food restrictions exist

Holy text like the bible, Originally for health reasons, defines a religous community

Can foods be a term of status?

Yes

What are two examples of places where food is used as celebration

Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival (Moon Cakes) or Botswana celebrations

When was the first instance of a celebration

Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC - 256 BC) where the emperor thanked the moon for the harvest and prayed for the 2nd year

What should food be Ideally?

Wholesome, Safe, Nutritious, Appealing, Stable, Convenient, sufficient, affordable, available, appropriate,

What are macronutrients (definition, not the three types)?

Nutrients that are required in large amounts for a living organism.

What is a calorie?

Unit of measure of energy that our body uses for all our vital processes

What is consistently told as the amount of calories to consume in a day? And why is it not straightforward?

2000 calories, but it's not straightforward to how many calories depending on the food and how our body processes it.

How many calories per gram is in Proteins, Carbs, and Fats respectively?

4, 4, and 9

What is the most common organic molecule?

carbohydrates

What two things can Carbohydrates provide other than taste?

Fiber and Carbon

How much energy does Fiber give?

None

What are the two types of Carbohydrates?

simple sugars and complex carbohydrates

What are the two types of simple sugars

monosaccharides and disaccharides

What is an example of a complex carbohydrate?

starch and Polysaccharides

Why is Mono, Poly and Di important for simple sugars?

It shows the number of sugar moieties in carbs.

Where can Starch be found?

grains and grain-based products

What are the two polymers that make up Starch?

amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched)

What happens when Starch interacts with water

It starts to form Starch Paste as it swells up

What are some examples of Starch-based foods?

Rice + water and Corn Meal + Water + Heat

What is Starch Retrogradation?

realignment of the starch polymers that causes the expulsion of water. It causes the staling of bread (and other foods)

What is staling? (going stale)

A chemical and physical process in bread and other food that reduces their palatability

What is Stale Bread described as?

Dry and leathery

Does Staling cause Mold?

No, but Mold can accompany Staling

What determines the amount of Retrogradation?

The amount of Amylopectin. The more of this, the less Retrogradation

What are Starches with high Amylopectins called?

Waxy Starches (Cornstarch is an example)

Why do manufacturers chemically modify starches?

To prevent Retrogradation