unit 4 world history france/enlightenment

Revolution

removal of a government or social order

Enlightenment

a time period that emphasized the reason, education & the individual

Bourgeoisie

Members of the 3rd estate, professionals & business owners

Sans Culottes

Members of the 3rd estate, artisans & craftsmen

Peasants

Members of the 3rd estate, poorest class

Clergy

Members of the church

Versailles

Lavish (expensive) home of the French monarchs

Estates General

A meeting where representatives of each estate voted as an estate on taxes/laws (not summoned in 175 years)

National Assembly

Government formed by the 3rd estate in protest of the Estates General voting system

Bastille

Prison that held political prisoners & weapons that was attacked by the 3rd estate on July 14th, 1789

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document created by the National Assembly which ensured men basic rights like equality, the right to a fair trial, & freedom of speech

Reign of Terror

A time period in France marked by extreme force from the government & numerous beheadings

French Social Hierarchy

1st Estate- Royals & Clergy (1%)

2nd Estate- Government officials, nobles & military (2%)

3rd Estate- Bourgeoisie, Sans-Culottes, & Peasants (97%)

Tennis Court Oath

3rd Estate would not leave until a constitution was written

Common themes between the American Revolution & the French Revolution

Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Press, Innocent Until Proven Guilty

Women's March on Versailles

7,000 people march to the palace to demand bread

Georges Danton

Well-known Jacobin eventually executed for being less radical than Robespierre and attempting to end the Reign of Terror

Robespierre

A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of people were executed without trial. He was executed without trial for his extremely ideology.

Causes of the French Revolution

1. Inequality in society

2. Influence of Enlightenment ideas

3. Poor leadership

4. Financial crisis

5. Widespread hunger & poor farming conditions

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who believed in natural rights and the social contract

Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who thought that division into three branches and checks and balances were the best way for a government to be run

Voltaire

Argued that separation of church and state was important to fair governance

Mary Wollstonecraft

Believed that women and men should be treated equally, especially in reference to education

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Absolute monarch

A form of government in which the ruler is has complete power and rules by divine right (power from God)

Constitutional Monarchy

A system in which a king/queen rules alongside a legislative branch (elected by the people)

Umbrella Revolution

a political movement that emerged during the Hong Kong democracy protests of 2014 due to violations of civil liberties (voting rights, speech etc)

Joshua Wong

Young leader of the Hong Kong Umbrella Revolution movement who has been jailed for his involvement and leadership in protests

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution, often exhibited poor leadership and was eventually executed by the his people for his attempted abandoning of the throne

Sovereignty

supreme power or authority

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority like an absolute monarchy