Chapt 1 Human Anatomy Bio 3004- MSSTATE

anatomy

study of a body part

physiology

study of the function of the body

gross anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

surface anatomy

study of external structure of the body

systematic anatomy

study of a given organ system at a time

regional anatomy

study of several organ systems in a given body region at the same time

Histology

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

Cytology

microscopic study of individual cells

What has replaced most exploratory surgery?

medical imaging

radiology

- xrays
- passes through soft tissues
- absorbed by dense tissues

Example of radiology:

fractures, mammograms, angiograms

computed tomography (CT)

- series of xrays
- image of thin "slice" of body.
- multiple imaged stacked to produce 3-d image

examples of CT

tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

- strong magnetic fields and radio waves
- avoids harmful effects of xrays
- better than ct for distinguishing between soft tissues such as white and grey brain matter.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

- distinguishes which tissues are most active @ a given moment.
- Tracer - radioactively labeled glucose

examples of PET

tissue death from heart attack

sonography

- nonionizing, high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound)
- avoids harmful effects of xrays
- affordable

anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

plane-

imaginary flat surface passing through the body

section-

actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

median (midsagittal) plane

Cuts the body into left and right planes

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

What do directional terms do?

describe one body structure in relation to another body structure

2 major body regions

axial and appendicular

axial skeleton

head, neck, trunk

trunk =

thorax, abdomen, pelvis

Thoracic

above the diaphragm

Abdominal

below the diaphragm

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower limbs

brachial

upper arm (shoulder to elbow)

Antebrachial

Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist)

carpal:

wrist

manual

hand

digits

fingers, toes

femoral

upper leg (thigh)

crural

lower leg (knee to ankle)

Tarasal

ankle

pedal

foot

body cavities

lined by membranes and contain internal organs.

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral canal

contains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

located in trunk above the diaphragm.

what are body cavities lined by

serous membranes

body cavities are layered by

simple squamous epithelium and thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

Mediastinum

- portion dividing the thoracic cavity.
- located between lungs from the base to neck to diaphragm.

what does the mediastinum contain?

esophagus, trachea, heart, brachi, thymus.

abdominal cavity

- located in the trunk below the diaphragm.
- lined by serous membrane
- abdominal
- superior cavity
- lined by peritoneum
- contains most of the digestive organs and spleen.

pelvic cavity

- gonads, prostate glands, ovaries, testes
- inferior cavity
- lined by peritoneum
- contains rectum, bladder, urethra, reproductive organs.

pertioneum

2 layered serous membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity.
- wraps around abdominal cavity.
- binds viscera to body wall.
- suspends viscera from body wall.
- holds viscera in proper location.

Parietal

lines the body wall

visceral

turns inward from cavity wall.

peritoneal cavity

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

peritoneal fluid

fluid secreted by serous cells of the layers

retroperitoneal organs

lie against posterior body wall.

examples of retroperitoneal organs

kidneys, ureters, abdominal aorta, adrenal glands

intraperitoneal organs

surrounded by peritoneum

What are the intraperitoneal organs connected to?

it is connected to the posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets.

examples of intraperitoneal organs

stomach, liver, ileum