liberal italy until 1903

up until giolitti's reforms

what was italy like pre-unification?

a collection of independent states which were rarely free from wars

north- economically advanced

south- high poverty

central- controlled by papal states

what is risorgimento?

rebirth of culture- 1815

new sense of patriotism which demanded unification especially in the north

piedmont was the driving force for unification

list stages of unification

1. 1859- piedmontese statesman got french support for unification

2. france made austria give lombardy to piedmont and persuaded northen states to give independence to piedmont too

3. garabaldi- invaded sicily with 10,000 and conquered it despite the small army

4. garabaldi persuaded southern states to give independence to king victor emmanual of piedmont

5. a second part if the papal states was taken which left the pope with only rome

6. 1861- italy was established as a constitutional monarchy

7. 1870- italy seized rome when french had taken their soldiers out

when did piedmontese get french support for unification?

1859

where did austria give italy for unification?

lombardy

who invaded sicily for unification? how many men? did it work?

garabaldi, 10,000, yes

who was the leader of piedmont and then unified italy?

garabaldi

when was italy established as a constitutional monarchy?

1861

when was rome taken from the the papal states?

1870- when the french had removed their soldiers

when was italy officially unified?

1870

name 4 challenges to liberal italy

economy and politics (as a duo)

socialism

catholicism

nationalism

political system

lack of italian identity

economic weaknesses

name 3 political and economic challenges to liberal italy

1. BANKS

   • economic growth was high for the first 20 years but fell to a depression in the 1890s due to trade disputes with france (main place of important)

   • one bank- the banca romana had illegally printed a lot of money on behalf of italy and lent:

     • crispi: 55,000 lire

     • gioloitti 60,000 lite

     • average salary was 2,000

   • this made the liberals look very corrupt and lowered reputation

2. PROTESTS

   • depression led to a lot of protests and disorder

   • sicily- workers organised strikes to demand higher wages and lower rent

   • crispi saw this as dangerous and in january 1894 he ordered the arrest of the leaders

   • sicily was placed under military rule and 40,000 troops dispatched to restore order

   • crispi- feared the whole of italy was on the edge of revolt so he banned opposition groups and censored newspapers throughout italy

3. ABYSINNIA

   • liberals and nationalists wanted italy to be a great power like britain or france

   • britain and and france were getting empires in africa

   • 1890- eritrea was taken by italy and in 1895 troops went to abysinnia

   • war broke out and italy was defeated in the battle of adowa- 500,000 italian dead

   • masive humiliation to italy- first european country to lose to an african state

when was the depression?

1890s

what bank led money to crispi and giolitti? how much? what is average wage?

banca romana

crispi- 55,000 lire / giolitti- 60,000 lire

average wage was 2,000

where was the first protest in italy during depression? result? (numbers and dates too)

sicily

arrested leaders in 1894

put under military rule with 40,000 troops

banned opposition groups and censored newspapers

where did italy go first in africa? when?

1890- eritrea

when did italy go to abyssinia? what was the result of that?

1895

lost in battle of adowa

500,000 italian soldiers dead

explain how socialism challenged liberal italy

1. CAUSE

   • rapid industrialisation from 1880s created a large working class.

   • they were attracted to the socialist views on pay, working conditions and ownership of industry

   • 1881 reform allowed 2 million more people to vote which gave incentive to start a party

2. PSI

   • formed in Genoa in 1895

   • had less extremist members

   • 1897- 27,00 members and ran its own paper called Avanti!

   • 1900- got 216,000 votes and 32 seats

3. STRIKES

   • 1901- 1,000 socialist strikes took place involving 200,000 workers

   • 1902- 250,000 workers in trade unions

   • 1904- farm owners could only hire workers through the chamber of labour (organisation with different trade unions)

   • giolitti could control PSI but not trade unions as they were too radical

   • strikes were extremely violent and had killed 200 people from 1900-1904

   • syndicalism became a threat as workers decided to physically occupy factories with 100,000 supporters by 1913

when did rapid industrialisation start to take place?

1880s

what reform helped electorate?

1881- 2 million more people to vote

when was the PSI created?

1895 in genoa

less extreme socialists

how many members in psi in 1897?

27,000

what paper ran by socialists?

avanti!

how many votes for socialists in 1900 election?

216,000 votes

32 seats

how many socialist strikes in 1901 and how many workers involved?

1901- 1,000 strikes- 190,00 workers

how many people in trade unions in 1902?

250,000

what happened with farming employers in 1904?

farm owners could only hire workers through chamber of labour

how many people killed in strikes from 1900-1904?

200

what is syndicalism? how many supporters by 1913?

physically occupy factories

100,000 supporters

why did psi had to work with syndicalists? what did that mean for giolitti?

if they didn’t, syndicalists would take over the PSI

this meant giolitti couldn’t control them as easily

explain why the church was a challenge to liberal italy?

98% of italians were catholic

resentful that unification took the papal state

pope refused to recognise the government

non-expedit issues- catholics shouldn’t vote or legitimise the government

papal infalibility issues- 1870- saying pope is infallible

what % italians were catholics?

98%

what was the non-expedit?

telling catholics not to vote or legitimise gov in any way

don’t run in elections

when was papal infallibility issued?

1870

why did the church start to support the liberals more?

• for the first 10 years the pope was against liberal italy because unification took the papal states from him

• 1890s- changed concern to socialism and removed the ban on catholics voting and 1909 they permitted them to put themselves forward for elections

• church became active in politics and would need to cooperate with liberals to prevent socialist rise- e.g. gentolini pact

when did the church start to lean towards liberals?

1890s

how was nationalism a challenge to liberal italy?

• not many members but were popular in the media

• accused liberals of putting themselves before the country and condemned them for not making italy a great power

• wanted a large empire in africa, more military spending and to get back the irredenta lands from the austrian empire

• felt a more aggressive foreign policy would lead to a stronger italy

what are the irredenta lands

italian speaking land from austrian empire

south tyerol, trentiono and istria

explain how lack of italian identity challenged italy and italian people

• only small proportion of italians cared for unification

• loyalties were with immediate localities

• language differences- only 2% speak italian: boy

  • sicily- picciottu

  • tuscany- bimbo

• 18% south in education while 80% in north

• high emigration in south

what % italians spoke italian?

2%

word for boy in sicily v.s. tuscany?

sicily- picciottu

tuscany- bimbo

what % italians in education in south v.s. north?

south- 18%

north- 80%

explain how economic weaknesses challenged liberal italy and italian people

• predominantly agricultural- 68% people depended on land for livelihood

• peasants and farm labourers lived in poverty

• industry was underdeveloped

• lacked natural resources like coal and iron ore

• some development in steel, iron and shipbuilding led to military purposes

• railways were mainly in the north

what % people depended on agriculture for their livelihood?

68%

farm labourers lived in poverty

what natural resources did italy lack?

coal and iron ore

what was there some more development in industry wise?

iron, steel and shipbuilding (limited to military)

where were railways concentrated mainly?

north- made transport of goods easier

explain the role of the king

in charge of foreign policy

appoints PM and senate (who chooses taxes and conscription)

issues royal decrees and can veto/pass bills

explain role of parliament

only 2% can vote so lack of representation

only focuses on regions that they came from

explain role of local gov

different rules across the country

69 provinces in 8000 communes (no unity)

decides some taxes for the areas

explain role of the army

solves italy’s issues with violence

express discontent = army is brought out

isn’t controlled by MPs so doesn’t represent country

explain role of the police

no freedom of trial or investigations

pre-crime arrests

explain the issues with the italian system

• no two-party system

• politicians were wealthy or middle class

• only 2% of italians could vote- had to be literate and make a certain amount

• factions were formed to create a government but they were fragile and fell apart quickly

• led to 29 prime ministers from 1870-1922

• transformismo politics- different factions coming together regardless of individual differences

what % of italians could vote?

2%

how many prime ministers from 1870-1922?

29

what is transformismo politics

different political factions coming together regardless of individual differences