Abnormal Psychology - Chapter 8 Test (DeWitt, Cedarville University)

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food (for example, deliberate vomiting, laxative abuse, and excessive exercise)

binge

relatively brief episode of uncontrolled excessive consumption, usually of food or alcohol

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by recurrent food refusal, leading to dangerously low body weight

binge-eating disorder (BED)

pattern of eating involving distress-inducing binges not followed by purging behaviors; being considered as a new DSM diagnostic category

obesity

excess of body fat resulting in a body mass index (BMI, a ration of weight to height) of 30 or more

purging techniques

in the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, the self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse used to compensate for excessive food ingestion (binging)

night eating syndrome

consuming a third or more of daily food intake after the evening meal and getting out of bed at least once during the night to have a high-calorie snack. in the morning, however, individuals with night eating syndrome are not hungry and do not usually eat breakfast. these individuals do not binge during their night eating and seldom purge

bariatric surgery

surgical approach to extreme obesity, usually accomplished by stapling the stomach to create a small stomach pouch or bypassing the stomach through gastric bypass surgery

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

periodic intervals of sleep during which the eyes move rapidly from side to side, and dreams occur, but the body is inactive

dyssomnias

problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality sleep

parasomnias

abnormal behavior such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep

polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation

assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in the lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wave, and other functions

actigraph

small electronic device that is worn on the wrist like a watch and records body movements. this device can be used to record sleep-wake cycles

sleep efficiency (SE)

percentage of time actually spend sleeping of the total time spent in bed

microsleeps

short, seconds-long periods of sleep that occur in people who have been deprived of sleep

insmonia disorder

condition in which insufficient sleep interferes with normal functioning

primary insomnia

difficulty in initiating, maintaining, or gaining from sleep; not related to other medical or psychological problems

rebound insomnia

in a person with insomnia, the worsened sleep problems that can occur when medications are used to treat insomnia and then withdrawn

hypersomnolescene disorder

sleep dysfunction involving an excessive amount of sleep that disrupts normal routines

sleep apnea

disorder involving brief periods when breathing ceases during sleep

narcolepsy

sleep disorder involving sudden and irresistible sleep attacks

circadian rhythm sleep disorders

sleep disturbances resulting in sleepiness or insomnia caused by the body's inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current pattern of day and night

nightmares

- occurs during REM sleep

- dreams often awaken sleeper

treatment:

- may involve antidepressants or relaxing training

disorder of arousal

category of sleep disorder during NREM sleep that includes sleepwalking and sleep terrors

sleep terrors

episodes of apparent awakening from sleep, accompanied by signs of panic, followed by disorientation and amnesia for the incident. these occur during nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and so do not involve frightening dreams

sleepwaling (somnambulism)

parasomnia that involves leaving the bed during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

repeated sleepwalking that occurs during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and so is not the acting out of a dream. the person is difficult to waken and does not recall the experience

sleep hygiene

psychological treatment for insomnia that teaches clients to recognize and eliminate environmental obstacles to sleep. these include the use of nicotine, caffeine, certain medications, and alcohol, as well as ill-timed exercise

sleep paralysis

brief and frightening period at the beginning or end of sleep when the individual cannot move or speak; sometimes mistake for nocturnal panic attack

sleep restriction

treatment for insomnia that involves limiting time in bed to the actual amount spent sleeping so that the bed is associated with sleep and no other competing activities

sleep stress

environmental events, such as ingesting excess caffeine, that can affect sleep negatively

nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

periods in the sleep cycle, divided into four substages, when the body may be active while the brain is relatively less active and dreaming does not occur

Cataplexy (narcolepsy)

loss of muscle control & sudden REM sleep during waking hours

emotionally triggered

Narcolepsy

equally distributed between males and females

obstructive sleep apnea

airflow stops, but respiratory system works

central sleep apnea

respiratory system stops for brief periods

sleep-related hypoventilation

decreased breathing during sleep not better explained by another sleep disorder

breathing-related sleep disorders

more common in men

- sleeps for normal amount of time, but never feels rested

- often snore, sweat during sleep, wake frequently

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circadian rhythm

do not follow a 24 hour clock

- shift work type - job leads to irregular hours

- familial type: associated with family history of dysregulated rhythms

treatments for insomnia

Benzodiazepines and over-the-counter sleep medications

Prolonged use

Can cause rebound insomnia, dependence

Best as short-term solution

treatments for hypersomnia and narcolepsy

- Stimulants (Ritalin)

- Cataplexy usually treated with antidepressants

circadian rhythm sleep disorders

phase delays: moving bed time LATER (Best approach)

Phase advances: moving bedtime later (more difficult)

Use of very bright light: trick and "reset" the brains biological clock

cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia

psychoeducation about sleep

changing beliefs about sleep

sleep diaries

somnambulism

sleepwalking

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalizations and/or complex motor behaviors

causes impairment

major problem is injury to self or partner