clinical psychology (psyc3410) course exam - UNO

scientist-practitioner model

educational training emphasizing the development of both research and clinical skills

goal of scientist-practitioner model

increase scientific growth within the field of clinical psychology in the United States

examination for professional practice in psychology (EPPP)

standardized, multiple-choice exam covering an extensive range of psychological topics

continuing education units (CEUs)

are required to renew licenses or maintain certification or registration in many states; done by attending workshops, additional courses, continued specialized training, etc.

PsyD (doctor of psychology)

doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research and focuses more on application of psychological in a clinical setting; less competitive, higher enrollment rates

PhD

program that focuses heavily on research, leading to new scientific knowledge

rorschach inkblot test (1921)

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; assumed that people "project" their personalities onto ambiguous or vague stimuli; hence, the way individuals perceive and make sense of the blots corresponds to the way they perceive and make sense of the world around them

projective personality tests

techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a subject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subject's personality characteristics can be analyzed

objective personality tests

pencil-and-paper tests for which clients answer multiple-choice or true/false questions about themselves, their experiences, or their preferences. Scoring and interpretation were typically more straightforward than for projective tests.

thematic apperception test (TAT)

projective personality test that uses cards with imagery of people in scenes or situations that could be interpreted in a variety of ways, clients are asked to tell stories that match the cards imagery

the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi)

Consisted of 550 true/false statements, considered the best example of comprehensive personality measurement. It is considered high quality for its easy administration and scoring, demonstrable reliability and validity, and clinical utility.

emil kraeplin

considered the father of descriptive psychiatry founded a two-category system of mental illness. Exogenous (caused by external factors) were found to be more easily treated than endogenous (internal factors)

publisher of the DSM

American Psychiatric Association (APA)

states that have passed legislation that grants prescription privileges to appropriately trained psychologists

-new mexico

-louisiana

-illinois

-iowa

-idaho

advantages to clinical psychologists having prescription privileges

-increases access to full mental health services for those living in rural or poorly served areas where not many psychiatrists have offices

-clinical advancement, evolution and revenue for the field

Evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

example of evidence-based practice

-researchers have tested exposure and response prevention, a specific form of behavior therapy, for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder

-dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for the treatment of borderline personality disorder

-specific cognitive therapy techniques for the treatment of depression

telepsychology

Contemporary clinical psychologists can perform assessments and treatments via computer or smartphone as a supplement to, or instead of, traditional in-person meetings with clients

heterogeneity

differences in cultural identity related to, for instance, class, ethnicity, language, traditions, religion, sense of place, and many other cultural aspects. These differences can make it more or less difficult for people to communicate, trust and co-operate with each-other

marginalization strategy

the individual rejects both the new and their original culture

assimilation strategy

the individual adopts much of the new culture and abandons much of the original

integration strategy

the individual adopts much of the new culture and retains much of the original

cultural separation strategy

the individual rejects much of the new culture and retains much of the original

Ethical principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence:

"Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm."

boundary crossing

Psychologists must always place well-being of the client before all else, always remaining mindful of the therapeutic relationship.

pros of nonsexual multiple relationships

-unavoidable in small communities

-can strengthen therapeutic relationship with client when done appropriately

cons of nonsexual multiple relationships

can lead to boundary erosion over time

-can set the stage for unethical behavior in the future

Harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders (Wakefield 1992)

in efforts to determine what is abnormal, we consider both scientific (e.g., evolutionary) data and the social values in the context of which the behavior takes place

Categorical approach to diagnosis of mental disorders: relies on diagnostic criteria to determine the presence or absence of disruptive or other abnormal behaviors

proposed criteria set

symptoms must cause significant distress or interfere with social, occupational, or educational functioning and last for a defined period of time

Attenuated psychosis syndrome

features the hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech characteristic of schizophrenia but in much less intense and more fleeting forms, and in which the person doesn't lose touch with reality in a pervasive way

Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder

features some symptoms of anxiety, some symptoms of depression, but not enough of either to qualify for any existing disorder such as generalized anxiety disorder or major depressive disorder

internet gaming disorder

persistent engagement and preoccupation with internet and video gaming, with symptoms of tolerance, withdrawal, loss of interest in other activities, and clinically significant impairment or distress

paraphrase

interviewer restates the content of clients' comments, using similar language, maintains conversation by assuring the client that the interviewer is paying attention and comprehending

reflection of feeling

echoes the clients emotions to make clients feel that their emotions are recognized, even when their comments do not explicitly include labels of their feelings

rapport

positive, comfortable relationship between the clinician and the client

nondirective interview style

allows client to determine the course of the interview

what do intelligent tests measure

-intellectual abilities.

-speed of mental processing, sensory capacity, abstract thinking, imagination, adaptability, capacity to learn through experience, memory, reasoning, inhibition of instinct, etc

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has accomplished through their intellectual ability

neurophyschological test

a test that detects brain dysfunction by measuring a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances

Wechsler Individual Achievement Test—Third Edition (WIAT-III)

comprehensive achievement test for clients aged 4-50 years. administered face-to-face and one-on-one

fluid intelligence

the ability to reason in the moment when faced with a novel problem

crystallized intelligence

the body of knowledge that one has accumulated from their life experiences

james cattel

first to propose two separate intelligences: fluid and crystallized

big five personality traits

-openness to experience

-extraversion

-agreeableness

-conscientiousness

-neuroticism

Conscientiousness

A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized

Neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

openness to experience

A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, creativity, sensitivity, and curiosity.

extraversion

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness

the personality dimension that includes friendliness, cooperation, and warmth

criticism of projective personality tests

- lack objectivity (scoring)

- too inferential to be empirically sound

- people gibing the test may administer and/or interpret tests differently, yielding different results

multimethod assessment

an approach to personality assessment that emphasizes the use of multiple methods rather than only one method

behavioral assessment

challenges the beliefs of traditional personality assessment by inferring that client behaviors are not signs of underlying issues or problems; instead, those behaviors and behavior patterns themselves are the problem

evidence-based assessment

has strong psychometrics including reliability, validity, and clinical utility

effectiveness of psychotherapy

-efficacy studies indicate that psychotherapy works when tested in controlled settings,

-effectiveness studies indicate that psychotherapy works as it is commonly applied in realistic settings.

-Psychotherapy changes the brain

-Research shows that most people who receive psychotherapy experience symptom relief and are better able to function in their lives

traditional personality assessment (projective/objective tests)

infers that personality is a stable, internal construct

common factors in psychotherapy

-strong relationship between therapist and client:

-collaboration

-positive regard

- feedback

-cohesion

-goal consensus

-empathy

-hope/positive expectations

-attention to issues

three-stage sequential model of common factors

A model explaining the order in which common factors contribute to psychotherapeutic change, beginning with support factors, moving on to learning factors, and concluding with action factors

support factors stage

A strong therapist-client relationship, therapist warmth and acceptance, trust

learning factors stage

changing expectations about oneself, changes in thought patterns, corrective emotional experiences, and new insights

action factors stage

Taking risks, facing fears, practicing and mastering new behaviors, working through problems

Eclectic approach to psychotherapy (technical eclecticism)

selecting the best treatment for a client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients

dodo bird verdict

claims that all psychotherapies are equivalent and accomplish the same goal of human change

Primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy

make the unconscious conscious

repression

When the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can repress conscious awareness of the impulse and id/superego conflict around it

ego

generates defense mechanisms; the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

displacement

Rather than aiming the id's desired action at whom or what it wants, we redirect the impulse toward another person or object to minimize the repercussions

projection

the displacement of one's feelings onto a different person, group, thing, etc.

word association

based on the idea that your subconscious is sometimes capable of controlling conscious will.

The therapist presents the client with a list of words. After hearing each word, the client is to respond with the first word that comes to mind.

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

incongruence

inconsistency between our real self and ideal self

The primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is

to foster self-actualization

congruence

agreement or harmony between the real self and ideal self; achieved through self-actualization, maximizes mental health

main goal of behavior therapy

observable behavior change

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

punishment

any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future

-Positive punishment means "getting something bad," (+)

-Negative punishment means "losing something good (-)

reinforcement

any consequence that makes a behavior more likely to occur in the future

-positive reinforcement means "getting something good" (such as food) (+)

-negative reinforcement means "losing something bad" (such as pain) (-)

thorndike's law of effect

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy:

-emphasizes empiricism & data

- employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures

-is observable

- behavior is the root of the problem

goal of cognitive therapy

logical thinking

cognitive therapists believe

the way we think about events determines the way we respond

Catastrophizing

expecting the worst when realistically, the worst is very unlikely

mindfulness

ability to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or 'hooked' by judging or wishing things were otherwise

an innate human capacity to deliberately pay full attention to where we are, to our actual experience, and to learn from it

"Awareness of present experience with acceptance"

mindfulness-based therapists

aim to change people's relationships to their thoughts rather than the thoughts themselves

The three-step process used by cognitive psychotherapists to revise a client's cognitions

1. identify illogical thoughts

2. challenge illogical thoughts

3. revise (w/ cultural competence-- not all beliefs are universal)

ABCDE model

In cognitive therapy, a model for understanding and recording the impact of cognitions on emotions

Activating: event leads to thought

Belief: thought turn to feelings

Consequence (emotional): feelings

Dispute: challenge ineffective feelings/thoughts

Effective new belief: healthy feeling resulting from dispute

group cohesiveness

feelings of interconnectedness among group members. This interconnectedness is characterized by feelings of warmth, trust, acceptance, belongingness, and value among group members

Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)

a more structured and formal way of assessing abuse and violence within families.

-individually administered, objective, self-report questionnaire that includes about 40 items

Functionalism as defined by family therapists

although psychological symptoms may appear maladaptive or interfering, they are in fact functional within the family environment of the individual (ex. Jeopardized marriage- a child develops an eating disorder, uniting their parents troubled marriage)

linear casuality

suggests that events from the past cause or determine events in the present in a unidirectional or "one-way street" manner. That is, the way a parent treats a child influences the child's subsequent behavior.

circular casuality

events influence one another in a reciprocal manner, such that a parent's and a child's behavior effects one another continuously