CLCIV 101 Final Exam Study Guide

King Croesus on his funeral pyre in front of King Cyrus

Athenian Red-figure Vase. 470 B.C.

Depicts the capture of King Croesus of Lydia by King Cyrus of Persia, before he calls out for Solon and gains Cyrus' sympathy.

Coins of Darius I (521-486 BC) - helped with centralization and trade across the Persian Empire

King Cyrus' tomb

Pasargadae, Iran.

Died in 530. He was loved for his toleration. Proclaimed freedom of religion. Succeeded by his son Cambyses and then Darius I.

Audience Hall of Darius I and Xerxes in Persepolis, Iran. Notable for its distinctly non-Greek columns. Limestone. 6th century BC. Later conquered by Alexander the Great

Inscription of King Darius I on cliff at Behistun, Iran, shows his court. 6th century BC.

Evidence of Greek-Persian interactions. Found in Persepolis, Iran. Around 6th century BC.

Clay Tablet with Oino (Wine)

Herodotus of Halicarnassus. 484-425 B.C.E.

Wrote about how Greece and Persia went to war; Greeks were viewed as a threat to the security of the west of the Persian Empire

Darius's archers. Glazed tiles, winter palace in Susa, Iran. 6th century BC.

546 - Persians under Cyrus conquer Ionia (causing great thinkers like Pythagoras and Xenophanes to emigrate). Although they extended religious toleration, Ionian cities were now ruled by autocratic tyrants and subject to Persian governors, "satraps"

499-494, Ionian cities revolted against Persian Rule. Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, asked Sparta, Athens, and Eretria for help. Sparta thought they were too far away, but Athens and Eretria sent ships to help in 499 (Athens was also afraid of the return of the tyrant Hippias, who fled to Persia). They attacked Sardis, the headquarters of the Persian Empire in Lydia, but in 494 the angry Persians, under Darius I, sacked Miletus.

The poet Phrynichus was fined at Athens for staging the tragedy "Sack of Miletus," which was too much for the Athenians to handle, so they banned it.

Ionian Revolt

In 492 B.C., Persian commander Mardonius lost a great part of his fleet going around the cliffs of the Athos peninsula during the First Persian invasion of Greece.

Xerxes, in preparation for the Second Persian Invasion of Greece, ordered a canal built through the base of the mountain to avoid the same calamity, completed in 480 B.C.

Mount Athos

Miltiades - Athenian general at Marathon, 490 BC. We know very little about him, except that he dedicated his helmet to Zeus. Persians numbered 30,000 and Athenian forces 10,000. Hippias knew he wouldn't regain his kingdom after losing a tooth upon landing at the bay of Marathon. Miltiades sent a runner to Sparta to request their help, but they were having a religious festival and refused to join until after the full moon. The two sides faced each other off, waiting - the Persians hoping that anyone allied to Hippias would leave the Athenian side, and the Athenians hoping the Spartans would join them soon. Darius was planning to sail around the Athenian forces and attack Athens, so Miltiades decided to stop waiting and face them head on. He widened the front, thinning the center and keeping the wings thick. When the Greek forces got into the Persian archers' range, they broke into a run despite the arrows raining on them, astonishing the Persians who were unprepared for close-distance combat at which the Greeks were superior because of their spear technology. The wings then encircled the Persian forces and the massacre began, with a win for the Greeks - the Persians lose 6,400 men while the Greeks lose only 192

Burial mound at Marathon for the Athenian dead - c. 490 BC. Darius dies 5 years later in 485. Succeeded by his son Xerxes

Themistocles. A non-aristocratic leader after the supporters of Hippias were exiled in 490-480. Defeated the Persian fleet at Salamis in 480, ostracized in 470. He suggested the evacuation of Athens, with the Athenians moving into the cost of the Peloponnese and the island of Salamis. 1st ruler to have his head on a coin

Silver drachmas from the mines at Laurium

Bronze hoplite Spartan warrior 460s-440s?

Temple of Apollo at Corinth. Built c. 550 B.C. Columns are Doric, monolithic, widening closer to the base

Theater at Epidauros, most complete theater we have, we know it is bigger than the Theater of Dionysus. c. 350 (According to Lecture 14)

May 480 - Xerxes' forces prepare at Sardis, around 500,000 men and 1,200 ships, while the Greeks have 40,000 men maximum and 380 ships. Xerxes' army crossed the Hellespont to Thermopylae, which has hot springs, 5000 Greeks, and 300 Spartans (The 300), led by King Leonidas.

Previously, in 491 B.C., Darius had sent heralds to Greek cities, hoping to convince them to join the Persian Empire. The Athenians tossed these heralds into a pit and the Spartans threw them in a well. Xerxes restarted this plan in 480, but skipped Athens and Sparta. The other city-states either joined him or remained neutral, but Athens and Sparta led the resistance. Leonidas refused to surrender when Xerxes threatened him. The Greeks managed to hold their own against the Persians in the narrow pass of Thermopylae until they were betrayed by Ephialtes, who told the Persians about a way around Thermopylae. Leonidas called a war council, and they agreed retreating was the best course of action. Leonidas remained with 300 Spartans, however, possibly because retreat is against Spartan custom. They were quickly defeated, and Leonidas was killed. The Persian victory allowed Xerxes to expand into Southern Greece.

Battle of Thermopylae

King Leonidas's monument at Thermopylae. Erected in 1955. The sign under it reads "Molon Labe," or "Come and Take Them," which is what he replied when Xerxes offered to spare the lives of the Spartans if they gave up their arms.

King Leonidas up close

Sophocles. 496-406. Major playwright and tragedian, wrote the Antigone and Oedipus the King. His head is made out of bronze here.

Processional scene, women preparing some kind of garment, probably for the dressing of a statue of Athena in their cult. Frieze of the Parthenon, rebuilt by Pericles c. 450 BC.

Temple at Delphi. Used to have color. Doric monoliths. 550 B.C.

Erechtheum. Side of the Acropolis dedicated to Athena and Poseidon. These columns are called Caryatids - always women. Classical, contrapposto. On another side there are ionic columns.

Kritios boy, 480 BCE early Classical. First contrapposto statue. Transitional period between early Greek art (Archaic, kore)

Discobolus (Diskobolos) (Discus Thrower) - After the Kritios boy, more complex movement. 460-450 BC

Charioteer of Delphi; Sanctuary of Apollo Delphi, Greece; Bronze; 5'11"; 470 B.C, Early Classical Period

The Riace Warriors, 460-450 B.C.E., bronze, silver teeth and eyelashes, copper lips and nipples

Aspasia of Miletus 440 B.C. (anything with Pericles you can say 440). She was Pericles' mistress and he wanted to make their sons citizens. She was prosecuted eventually

Lekythos - flask containing perfumed oil; often placed in Greek graves as offerings to the deceased. 430-420 B.C.

He died in 465 B.C. in Persia

Tomb of King Xerxes

Athenian lottery system used from 370 onwards to determine who will serve on the jury at a given time

Olynthos, Town Planning

-Destroyed 348 BC by Philip II of Macedon

-Everything is directly North/South; extreme equality, built in grid system

-No temples, No agora

-All houses almost perfect squares. They were called pastas

-Strong democratic impulses

-large central courtyard

-Classical Hippodamian grid plan

Greek Pompeii, basically.

Temple of Zeus Olympion at Athens. Showcases the Corinthian style of columns, they are no longer monolithic to be bigger. Finished 160 AD but begun near 380s-370s (4th century)

500s. Contains Throne of Dionysus

Gold box of Philip II. We know it's Macedonian because of the star at the top. His ashes were kept there to show opulence of his empire. He died in 336 B.C.

Coin with Porus the Indian King and Alexander the Great attacking him on his horse Bucephalus. Reference to the battle at Hydaspes in 326 B.C. The coin has been dated to 323 B.C., so it may have been a form of propaganda shortly before Alexander's death.

Plato (428-347 B. C. Athens, Greece) Socrates's student, philosopher. Documented Socrates' statements in front of the Athenians in Apology. Came up with the Theory of Forms, which implied there is an unchanging pure form of things in some ascended world, including justice.

Tomb of Philip II, c. 350. In Macedonia, where the Gold Box was found

480 B.C. Athens had already been evacuated by this point, and Xerxes pillaged and burned it to the ground, as his father Darius I had wished. Xerxes still felt he had to defeat the Athenian navy once and for all. Allied Greek Fleet commanded by Spartan Eurybiades and Athenian Themistocles, who spent the previous 10 years convincing the Athenians of the necessity of a strong fleet. It was Themistocles who decided to hold position at Salamis instead of retreating to the isthmus of Corinth. Persian fleet was full of experienced Phoenician and Egyptian sailors. Triremes were very useful. Many Greek cities came together to halt their advance. Themistocles sent his reliable servant to Xerxes, who he knew relied on betrayal to beat the Greeks previously. The fake traitor told them he knew where the Greek fleet would be and that their forces were disorganized. Xerxes took the bait. The Straits of Salamis neutralized the Persians' numerical advantage as there was not much space to maneuver. Greek triremes encircled the Persian vessels and sunk them. Decisive Greek victory.

Battle of Salamis

In 479 B.C., a large, unified Greek army under Pausanias of Sparta, who commanded 40,000 men and few cavalry, against Xerxes' general Mardonius, who commanded 300,000 men and many cavalry. The Persian cavalry raided Greek supply routes and blocked some of the springs that provided their water supply. Pausanias decided on a night move to a new position, but this maneuver did not go as planned and the Greek forces became disorganized. Mardonius saw an opportunity and attacked, but the hoplites took advantage of the close-quarters combat and gradually gained the upper hand. Mardonius was killed in action, and the leaderless Persians scattered and fled. The Greeks finally won, and Persia would never invade again.

Battle of Plataea

479-431 BC Rise of the Athenian Empire in the Aegean. Athens becomes the leading cultural center of Greece

Why?

-Panathenaic Games fostered by Pisistratus

-Pisistratus set up first festival for tragic drama

-Cleisthenes' democratic reforms of 508

-Athens is most progressive city in Greece

-People go there on business

-Artistic commissions

After the Persian War

Narrative: single performer (e.g. epic)

Lyric: single performer or chorus (choros "drama")

Drama: "action," several actors and chorus in costume. Can be comic (chorus of 24) or tragic (chorus of 15, later 12)

Vase is black-figure, depicts comic chorus as donkeys. 6th century B.C.

Dionysus by Cleophrades painter, 490 B.C. Red figure.

Founded 534 BC

City Dionysia

First tragic poet

Thespis

Earliest surviving tragic poet, sponsored by Pericles. 525-456 BC. Wrote The Persians, 470, about the Battle of Salamis, honors Themistocles

Aeschylus

Euripides. 485-406. Wrote Medea and the Bacchae. Statue made out of marble. He didn't usually win any prizes.

vase-painting of a comedy. Shows the bizarre phallic costumes and masks, steps, stage (proskenion) & stage-building (skene), c. 380

For wheeling out bodies

Ekkyklema

For flying gods

Crane (mêchanê)

Vase by Pronomus c. 400 BCE showing tragic actors with masks

Aristotle (384-322 BC) - Student to Plato ;The Mind and the Body are together and knowledge is learned with experience. His Poetics was the first book on literature.

Pythagoras of Samos (500s) believed in reincarnation and vegetarianism

Xenophanes of Colophon (570-475 BC) believed that Homer and Hesiod were wrong, that polytheism and anthropomorphism were wrong.

Women at the public fountain.

Women spinning and weaving at the loom.

Black-figure - 530 B.C.

A seafood platter, indicative of the typical diet. c.340

460-445 BC

First Peloponnesian War

Archidamian War (431-421 BC) - Sparta pillaged countryside around Athens

Peace of Nicias (421 BC)

Sicilian Expedition (415-413 BC)

Ionian War (412-404 BC) - Alcibiades switched sides

Sparta defeated Athens at Aegospotami

Second Peloponnesian War

Thucydides (460-400 BC) Athenian general, exiled from Athens after the capture of Amphipolis in 424. Founder of political science along with Aristotle (384-323 BC)

Cleon wins at Pylos in 425. Spartans offer peace but Athenians refuse

422 - Spartan general Brasidas defeats Thucydides at Amphipolis

417 - Spartans beat Athenians at Mantinea

406 - Battle of Arginusae, Athens executes victorious generals despite Socrates' objection

Thales

Anaximander

Anaximenes

Anaxagoras

Protagoras

Gorgias

Antiphon

Hippocrates

Xenophanes

Heraclitus