Henry VIII and his ministers 1508-40 part 2
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When did Cromwell join Wolsey’s Council?
1519.
What did Cromwell do for Wolsey?
He handled legal cases and built his reputation.
What qualities made Cromwell stand out?
He was intelligent ambitious
witty
skilled in law
loyal
efficient.
How did Cromwell react to Wolsey’s fall?
He defended Wolsey, became MP for Taunton, and joined the Royal Council by 1531.
Why was Henry’s annulment important?
He needed a male heir; Catherine had not given him one.
What idea did Cromwell propose in 1531?
That Parliament, not the Pope, should grant annulments.
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
In 1533, It declared England free from Papal authority and gave Henry supremacy.
What was the impact of the annulment?
Henry married Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was born, and England broke with Rome.
When did Cromwell become Chief Minister?
1533.
When did Cromwell become Chancellor of the Exchequer?
1533.
What did Cromwell do as Chancellor of the Exchequer?
He managed royal finances.
When did Cromwell become Vicar-General?
1535.
What did Cromwell do as Vicar-General?
He enforced supremacy and dissolved monasteries.
When did Cromwell become Lord Privy Seal?
1536.
What did Cromwell do as Lord Privy Seal?
He controlled government appointments.
When did Cromwell become Master of the Rolls?
1533.
What did Cromwell do as Master of the Rolls?
He was chief legal officer, kept Chancery records, and shaped reforms.
When did Cromwell become Lord Great Chamberlain?
1540.
What did Cromwell do as Lord Great Chamberlain?
He controlled access to Henry and managed ceremonies.
Why did Anne Boleyn fall from favour?
She had no son miscarried
Accused of adultery
interfered in politics
Henry set his eyes upon Jane Seymour.
What role did Cromwell play in Anne’s fall?
He investigated rumours
Tortured and forced a confession from Mark Smeaton
Gathered evidence
How many men were accused with Anne?
Five, including her brother George Boleyn.
When was Anne Boleyn executed?
19 May 1536 at the Tower of London.
Why was Jane Seymour important?
She gave birth to Edward in 1537, securing the succession.
What was the Act of Union?
In 1536, It united Wales with England under English law and gave Wales MPs.
What financial reforms did Cromwell make?
He created the Court of Augmentations and the Court of First Fruits and Tenths.
When was the Court of Augmentations created?
1536.
What was the Court of Augmentations?
To manage wealth acquired from the Dissolution of monasteries.
How did Cromwell’s reforms change government?
Departments collected money, checked spending, and reduced Henry’s personal role.
What was the Privy Council reform of the Royal council?
Cromwell reduced the council to about 20 trained administrators.
What was the Council of the North?
Strengthened in 1536 to enforce royal law in northern England.
How did Henry use Parliament before Cromwell?
Rarely; only 203 Acts passed from 1509–1531.
How did Cromwell change Parliament’s role?
From 1532–1540, 333 Acts passed, making it central to reform.
What is Statute Law?
A law passed by Parliament and signed by the king.
What is an Act of Attainder?
It declared someone a traitor without trial.
How was Cromwell executed under Attainder?
In 1540 he was declared traitor and executed without trial.
Why did Cromwell dissolve the monasteries?
To raise Crown wealth, cut papal influence, and strengthen authority.
What financial benefit came from dissolution?
The Crown gained large income from seized land and property.
How did reforms affect Catholic nobility?
Their influence was reduced and opposition weakened.
Why did Henry marry Anne of Cleves?
To ally with Protestant Germany against France and Spain in 1540
Why did the marriage to Anne of Cleves fail?
Henry disliked her, marriage unconsummated, and alliance less useful.
What reward did Anne of Cleves receive?
She received land and property, including Hever Castle.
Who replaced Anne of Cleves as wife?
Catherine Howard in 1540.
Who plotted Cromwell’s fall?
The Duke of Norfolk, using his niece Catherine Howard.
Why did Henry lose trust in Cromwell?
He blamed Cromwell for the Cleves marriage and radical reforms.
When was Cromwell arrested?
10 June 1540 at a Council meeting.
What charges were brought against Cromwell?
He was accused of treason and heresy.
When was Cromwell executed?
28 July 1540 at the Tower of London.
What else happened on Cromwell’s execution day?
Henry married Catherine Howard.
How did Cromwell reform regional government?
He passed the Act of Union and strengthened the Council of the North.
How did Henry still control Parliament?
He intimidated MPs and Cromwell ensured proposals matched his will.
Why was Cromwell executed?
He was executed because: - Cleves marriage failed - Norfolk plotted - Henry leaned Catholic - Enemies at court - Act of Attainder used
Note 
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