Lecture_4_-_Cardiac_Output_and_Blood_Pressure

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute, approximately 5 l/min at rest.

Heart Rate

The number of contractions of the heart per unit time, typically about 70 beats/min.

Stroke Volume

The volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in one contraction, approximately 70-80 ml.

Venous Return

The flow rate of blood returning to the heart, approximately 5-5.5 l/min.

Total Body Water (TBW)

The total amount of water in the human body, estimated at 60% of body weight in males and ~50% in females.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid located inside the cells, which comprises two-thirds of the total body water.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside the cells, accounting for one-third of the total body water.

Frank-Starling Law

The principle stating that within physiological limits, the heart pumps all the blood it receives.

Systolic Pressure

The highest systemic arterial pressure during heart contraction, typically around 120 mmHg.

Diastolic Pressure

The lowest systemic arterial pressure during heart relaxation, typically around 80 mmHg.

Mean Arterial Pressure

The average arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle, usually between 90-95 mmHg.

Pulse Pressure

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, approximately 40 mmHg.

Microcirculation

The network of small blood vessels (arterioles to venules) where exchange occurs.

Vascular Components

Includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, essential for blood circulation.

Systemic Circulation

The part of the cardiovascular system that delivers oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the body.

Pulmonary Circulation

The pathway by which deoxygenated blood is sent from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.