Central Nervous System: spinal chord and brain stem

central nervous system

brain and spinal chord

peripheral nervous system

cranial and spinal nerves and everything else

sensory information

the information that going into the body through the senses (5 senses). Its gathering information to go into the brain

motor information

the information that is going out of the body (frmo the cns to the body)

somatic

voluntary (e.g. skeletal muscles are voluntary) there is voluntary control over (deciding to move them)

autonomic

involuntary. There is movement were not conscious about (e.g. heart rate). Can be sympathetic and parasympathetic.

sympathetic

flight or fight: the instant choice of when we sense danger

parasympathetic

rest and digest: conserving energy for when it is needed

spinal chord

• white matter

• grey matter

• interneuron

grey matter function

spinal chord reflexes

white matter function

it sends information from the brain to body (vice versa)

interneuron

connects the sensory and motor

spinal chord reflexes

the body responds to environments very quickly without it going to the brain (unconsciously). It utilizes the sensory pathway to get information in and to send out a response it uses motor

deep tendon reflexes

test the motor function of the nervous system

patella and plantar reflexes

used to test for diminished and absent reflexes

patella reflext

• tap patella tendon underneath the patella bone

• normal: extension of the knee

plantar reflexes

• swipe up on the foot

• normal in adults: flexion of the toes

• normal in babies: extension of the toes

in a plantar reflex the abnormal effect

babinski’s sign (toe flexion)

limbic system

• hypothalamus

• hippocampus

• amygdala

hypothalamus

regulates body temperature. It is the centre for the drives (thirst, sex, hunger) and controls the pituitary gland

hippocampus

memory/ learning

amygdala

it is the fear and rage response (threat deflection centre) and stimulates sympathetic response

how does the forntol lobe control our emotions

through the limbic system (e.g if you are angry (amygdala) but restrain yourself, that is the frontal lobe)

pons

influence sleep

medulla

controls vital life functions (the heart beat, beating and swallowing); damage to the medulla can result in death

cerebella location

posterior to the brain stem

cerebella function

controls balance and coordination. Walking, balance (we use it all day when having a posture of standing strength). Smooth movement (typing, playing an instrument)

rapid successive fine motor skills

fast consecutive movemento fhte smaller muscles (movement)

muscle memory

becuase of your cerebellum

damaged cerebellum results in affected movement

• can’t stand

• walk in a straight line

  • slurred speech

testing (damaged) cerebellum

• tells someone to walk in a straight line

• finger to nose

• hand taps/ slaps

what does asymetry and tremor signify

the nervous system is damaged

cerebral cortex (cerebrum)

outermost part of the brain composed of 2 hemispheres (right and elft that are separated by the corpus callosum

corpus callosum

connected tissue structure that spereates the hemisphere and helps the two sides of the brain communicate

frontal lobe

makes you who you are

frontal love location

anterior (prefrontal cortex))

frontal lobe function

higher mental function (e.g. planning, judgement, decision-making, and constrols our emotions by way of the limbic system)

damaged frontal lobe

lack judgement, struggles with decisions, planning

motor cortex

• location: part of the frontal lobe

• voluntary movement

pariental lobe

recieves information from the sking (touch, temperature, and pressure) and is processed and interpreted by the somatosensory cortex

temporal lobe

receives auditory information

occipital lobe

receives visual information

parietal, temporal and occipital lobe

all reveive and proccess sensory information

the two language centors

broca’s and wernicker’s area

broca’s area

• location: left frontal lobe

• responsible for language production (the articulation of speech)

wernicke’s area

• location: left temporal lobe

• responsible for the comprehension of language

broca’s aphasia

damage to broca

wernicke’s aphasia

damage to wernicke

aphasia

damage to language

meninges

connective tissue that cover the brain and spinal chord (dura mate, arachnoid mate, and pia mater)

superficial

outermost

deepest

innermost

dura mate

• toughest

• where the epidural goes

arachnoid mate

• middle layer

  • web like extensions that come off arachnoid that attach to the pia that are used to create space between the pia and the space

subarachnoid space

filled with cerebral spinal fluid

cerebro spinal fluid

watery clear fluid and is always circulating between the brain and spinal chord. Its job is to discard waste and circulate nutrients

blood brain barrier

selectively permeable barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain protecting the brain from fluctuation