FHS Bio - Living Earth - Unit 2 Vocab

Prokaryote

Unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

Eukaryote

Organism with multiple cells that have a nucleus

Reactant

Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

Product

Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Radioactive Decay

Unstable atomic nucleus transforming into a stable one by emitting high energy waves

ATP

Compound used by cells to store and release energy

Photosynthesis

Process used by autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide/water into oxygen and energy-rich carbs

Chlorophyll

Principal pigment of plants and photosynthetic organisms

Thylakoid

Sac-like photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts

Stroma

Fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Stoma(ta)

Small opening in the epidermis that allows carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen to diffuse in/out of the leaf.

Guard Cell

Specialized cell in the epidermis of a plant that allows carbon dioxide, water, salts, proteins, and carbs.

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbs.

Homeostasis

ADP - Adenosine Diphosphate

Compound that cells can turn into ATP by adding phosphate - “Rechargable battery that powers machinery  of the cell”

Cellular respiration*

Process  that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Aerobic

Process that requires/uses oxygen

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Glycolysis

1st set of reactions in cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Kreb’s Cycle

2nd stage ot cellular respiration pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Electron Transportation Chain

Series of electron carrier proteins that shuffle high-energy electrons during ATP generating reactions

Lactic Acid fermentation

A metabolic process in which glucose is converted into lactic acid in anaerobic conditions

Alcoholic Fermentation

An anaerobic process in which yeast turns sugar into alcohol

Mitochondria

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for cell use

Light Independent Cycle

Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

Calvin’s Cycle

Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

Light dependent cycle

Set of photosynthetic reactions that use energy from light to produce ATP/NADPH

Chloroplast

Organelle found in cells off plants and other organisms that use photosynthesis to produce energy

Radioactive decay

Unstable atomic nucleus transforms into stable by emitting high energy waves

Product

Elements of compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Reactant

Elements of compounds that enter a chemical reaction

Prokaryote

Organism that has multiple cells with nuclei

Eukaryote

Unicellular organism that lacks nuclei

Thylakoid

Sac-like photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts

Stroma

Fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside the thylakoids

Glycolysis

First set of reactions in cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Pyruvic acid

Key reactant in Kreb’s Cycle for producing energy