Psych1002 midterm 1

entity theory of intelligence

intelligence is fixed at birth and is not affected by experiences or attempts to change it

commitment

in the short-term, the decision that one loves a certain \n other, and in the long-term, to one’s commitment to maintain that love

passion

drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual \n consummation

incremental theory of intelligence

intelligence can be changed by effort and seeking out formative experiences

Psychological test

standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior, used to measure the individual differences between people

Intelligence test

assess intellectual potential rather than previous learning or accumulated knowledge

Aptitude test

assess specific types of mental abilities (potential rather than knowledge)

Achievement test

gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects (ie. english)

Personality test

measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes

Tests measure samples

A particular behavior sample may not be representative of your characteristic behavior

Standardization

refers to the uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test

Test norms

provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test

Standardization group

sample of people that the norms are based on

A percentile score

indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained

Reliability

refers to the measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques)

test-retest reliability

is estimated by comparing participants' scores on two administrations of a test

correlation coefficient

numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables

a correlation coefficient of +1.00 means a test is very?

reliable

Validity

refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

3 types of validity

content, criterion, construct

Content validity

refers to the degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover

Criterion-related validity

is estimated by correlating participants' scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test

construct validity

the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct

hypothetical constructs

abstract personality qualities like creativity

Francis Galton's theory of intelligence

success runs in families because great intelligence is passed from generation to generation through genetic inheritance

Alfred Binet

created a test that ultimately revolutionized the measurement of intellectual ability

The Binet-Simon scale

expresses a child's score in terms of "mental level" or "mental age."

Lewis Terman is know for which publication?

1916 publication of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Mental age

age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

chronological age

actual age

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ \= (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

David Wechsler

published the first high-quality IQ test designed specifically for adults in 1939

How did Wechsler modify IQ tests?

1. separate scores for verbal IQ, performance (non-verbal) IQ, and full-scale (total) IQ
2. new scoring scheme based on the normal distribution

g factor

A general ability, proposed by Spearman as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity

Thurstone concluded that intelligence involves

multiple abilities (primary mental abilities)

Guilford's theory

divides intelligence into 150 separate abilities, did away with g entirely

hierarchical models of intelligence

intelligence is viewed as best represented as a series of layers or strata with general intelligence, g, at the top

Fluid intelligence

involves reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing

Crystallized intelligence

involves ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving

prefrontal cortex is more involved in problem solving accessing \____ intelligence but less involved in tasks implicating \______ intelligence

fluid, crystalized

average correlation between brain volume and IQ appears to be

positive (0.24)

IQ scores measured in childhood correlate with

physical health

intelligence is associated with

sharp reductions in vulnerability to a great variety of specific diseases

Why do smarter people tend to be healthier and live longer than others

1. good genes could foster both higher intelligence and resilient health
2. health self-care is a complicated lifelong mission, for which brighter people are better prepared
3. intelligence fosters educational and career success = affluence + health

testing perspective of intelligence

measuring the amount of intelligence people have

Cognitive perspective of intelligence

focuses on how people use intelligence

Sternberg's three facets of successful intelligence

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

analytical intelligence

involves abstract reasoning, evaluation, and judgment (ie. schoolwork)

creative intelligence

Involves the ability to generate new ideas and to be inventive in dealing with novel problems

practical intelligence

involves the ability to deal effectively with the kinds of problems people encounter in everyday life, such as on the job or at home

tacit knowledge

what one needs to know in a particular environment in order to work efficiently, but that is not explicitly taught and often is not even verbalize

Sternberg and his colleagues gathered data suggesting that

(1) all three facets of intelligence can be measured reliably

(2) the three facets of intelligence are relatively independent

(3) the assessment of all three aspects of intelligence can improve the prediction of intelligent behavior in the real world

humans exhibit eight intelligences (Gardner)

Logical-mathematical

Linguistic

Musical

Spatial

Bodily-kinesthetic

interpersonal

naturalist

emotional intelligence can enhance the prediction of success at

school, at work, and in interpersonal relationships

Emotional intelligence

consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion.

Four essential components of emotional intelligence

1. need to be able to accurately perceive emotions in themselves and others and have the ability to express their own emotions effectively
2. need to be aware of how their emotions shape their thinking, decision making, and coping with stress
3. need to be able to understand and analyze their emotions, which may often be complex and contradictory
4. need to be able to regulate their emotions so that they can dampen negative emotions and make effective use of positive emotions

Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS)

tests the ability to perceive, understand, and regulate emotions

emotional intelligence is related \_____ to students academic performance

positively

The normal distribution

symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population

percentile score

indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained

mean IQ test score

100

IQ tests may be unreliable because

They sample behaviour, and a specific testing may yield an unrepresentative score (ie. high anxiety may affect a score)

reliability of IQ tests

* correlations generally range into the 90s
* in comparison, IQ tests are exceptionally reliable
* motivation and anxiety of subject influence reliabilty

validity of IQ tests

IQ tests appear to be reasonably valid indexes of school-related intellectual ability, or academic intelligence (0.40 to 0.50)

fixed mind-set

believe that they have a fixed amount of intelligence that is unchangeable

Growth mind-set

believe that intelligence can be enhanced through hard work

Laypersons concept of intelligence

(1) verbal intelligence

(2) practical intelligence

(3) social intelligence

People who score high on IQ tests are \____ likely than those who score low to end up in high-status jobs

more (correlation of 0.37 between IQ and occupational status)

there is a \_____ correlation between IQ scores and job performance

positive (about 0.50)

Western IQ tests \_____ into the language and cognitive frameworks of many non-Western cultures

do not translate well

Why don't western IQ tests translate into the frameworks of other cultures

1. entire process of test administration, with its emphasis on rapid information processing, decisive responding, and the notion that ability can be quantified, is foreign to some cultures
2. different cultures have different conceptions of what intelligence is and value different mental skills

subnormal IQ score

roughly two standard deviations or more below the mean

gifted IQ score

more than two or three standard deviations above the mean

Intellectual disability

refers to general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills, originating before age 18

Adaptive skills consist of

1. conceptual skills (e.g., managing money, writing a letter)
2. social skills (e.g., making friends, coping with others' demands)
3. practical skills (e.g., preparing meals, using transportation, shopping)

Four levels of intellectual disability

Mild (IQ 50-70)

Moderate (IQ 35-49)

Severe (IQ 20-34)

Profound (IQ below 20)

Down syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

fragile X syndrome

a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate intellectual disability

Phenylketonuria

a genetic disorder in which an essential digestive enzyme is missing (causes intellectual disability)

Hydrocephaly

abnormal accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain (causes intellectual disability)

Savant

a person with significant mental disabilities who is very gifted in one area of activity, such as playing the piano or mental arithmetic

giftedness and high intelligence

are not equated with each other

gifted children were found to be above average

height, weight, strength, physical health, emotional adjustment, mental health, and social maturity

gifted children continued to exhibit better-than-average

physical health, emotional stability, and social satisfaction throughout their adult years.

what helps gifted children become eminent adults

high intelligence, high creativity, and high motivation

do all gifted children become eminent adults

no

hidden gifted

may not be properly identified as gifted as they are underperforming academically

both \_____ and \_____ influence intelligence

heredity, environment

If high intelligence appears in a family over several generations, this consistency could reflect

the influence of either shared genes or shared environment

Twin Studies

identical and fraternal twins normally develop under similar environmental conditions

identical twins tend to be quite \____ intelligence

similar

indicates that fraternal twins tend to be \_____ in intelligence

similar, but noticeably less so than identical twins

IQ is inherited to a \_____ degree

considerable

heritability ratio

an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance

heritability of IQ

about 50% of variability in IQ scores in population determined by genetics—so genetics set possible upper and lower limits. Environment shapes where within your genetic potential you will fall.

Problems with hereditary estimates

1. heritability estimate cannot be applied meaningfully to individuals
2. the heritability of a trait can fluctuate over the life span

Adoption Studies

* adopted children show some resemblance to their adoptive parents in IQ
* siblings reared together are more similar in IQ than siblings reared apart
* entirely unrelated children who are raised in the same home also show a significant resemblance in IQ

cumulative deprivation hypothesis

children who are raised in substandard circumstances should experience a gradual decline in IQ as they grow older

The Flynn Effect

performance on IQ tests has steadily increased over generations (an average score of 100 would have earned you an IQ score of about 120 back in the 1930s)

reaction range

heredity may set certain limits on intelligence and that environmental factors determine where individuals fall within these limits