APHG Unit 3 flashcards

culture

a group of ideas and practices specific to a group of people. Culture is tied to their identity, both as individuals and as a group

material culture

items and objects that are tangible, given value too, and are a part of the culture. They can be physically seen on the landscape

nonmaterial culture

anything in the culture that cannot be touched (for example, language, religion, and traditions)

subculture

a smaller category within a culture that is tied to the original culture but a little different

cultural identity

shared cultural practices within a group of people

cultural relativism

looking at somebody else's culture through their eyes and not judging their culture because of our standards

ethnocentrism

looking at somebody else's culture and putting ours on a pedestal/looking down at their culture and saying ours is better. This can lead to racism and xenophobia

moral relativism

your personal ethics and morals are based around your cultural upbringing

built environment

a tangible human creation on the landscape

folk culture

the practice of unique customs within a small group of people, adding to that culture's uniqueness

folklore

traditions, customs, and beliefs passed down through word of mouth

popular (pop) culture

culture that is not tied to one specific place but instead is based in a general location that is spread through diffusion

how has pop culture spread?

pop culture is mainly spread through hierarchical and contagious diffusion. It is constantly being shaped and changed by society, and money/the government can have a significant role on it.

how does folk culture spread?

mainly through relocation diffusion because it is generally within a small group of people. So, it spreads mainly when those people move to another place.

cultural landscape

cultural attributes of an area that are generally used to describe a place. Geographers look at cultural landscape to get a better understanding of an area

photo analysis

identifying different aspects of a cultural landscape just by looking at a photo

sequent occupancy

how cultures have changed an area through the course of history and have left their mark on the landscape

natural landscape

the landscape of an area that existed before human occupation

built landscape

something humans have built themselves and have added to the landscape

adaptive strategy

the ways that humans adapt to fit into and survive in the environment and cultural landscape they live in

a place is broken up into what two characteristics? Describe them each

Human characteristics- religion, language, age distribution, population size, etc
Physical characteristics- the actual terrain of an area

sense of place

the feeling you get when you are at a specific area and is often created based on your feelings towards a place

centripetal forces

forces that unify people and the state

centrifugal forces

forces that divide people and the state

cultural traits

attributes that tell us what is socially acceptable and what is not

ethnic group

a group of people who identify together based on common heritage

cultural enclave

a place with a large number of people of the same ethnic group

cultural anchor

a place where somebody's culture is taught and encouraged, even if the area around them tries to discourage that culture

cultural complex

unique cultures created from other traits that other cultures also share

acculturation

when one culture melds with another culture to create something new that is adapted but similar

cultural assimilation

the dying out of an old culture as a new dominant culture comes in and replaces it

cultural appropriation

when one culture adapts the symbols, customs, and/or knowledge of another culture for their own benefit or amusement

racial group

a group of people lumped together based on physical characteristics

social construction

an idea that exists only because we as a society have created it and caused it to be believed by others

racism

how we created unequal access to opportunities and power based on the physical and cultural traits of others

dehumanizing

denying a group of people the ability to follow their practices/beliefs

xenophobia

the fear of another group of people based on their cultural or physical appearance- similar to racism

genocide

the mass killing of a group of people because of their culture, ethnicity, or race

scapegoating

blaming an innocent group of people for another group's problem. A major example of this is Hitler blaming Jewish people for the economic problems (and general problems) that Germans faced after WW1

stateless nations

a culture without ties to a specific area, nation, or area with political boarders

universalizing religion

a religion that is trying to spread to a global scale (such as Christianity)

what are some barriers to diffusion

differences in language, economic or political barriers, censorship, mountains, physical barriers

hooligans

crazy soccer go-er too-ers

indigenous architecture

structure on a landscape that has not been built by a professional

anglo-american landscape

architecture based on historical british and american influences

traditional architecture

a style of architecture that was important when that area was created

language

the ability to orally communicate or communicate through written form with people

monolingual country

a country with one official language

multilingual country

a country with more than one official language

lingua franca

a language adapted as a common form of communication between natives whose official language is different than the adapted one

dialect

a form of a language that has been varied from the original language through regional differences

syntax

the grammatical arrangement of words to create a well-formed language

isolgloss

the definitional boundaries of a dialect

boundaries formed around differences in language

pidgin language

a way of communication between two or more groups of people that has been formed through a mixture of simplified languages

trade language

a way of communication that has been formed to conduct business with- it is a simplified form of language

creole language

a stable and complete language created from a mixture of multiple languages

official language

the language announced by the state that is to be used to conduct all business

linguistic diversity

The learning of more languages; can be understood on an individual scale or a societal/global scale

language extinction

the process of a language dying out because it is not spoken anymore

language families

groups of families that are organized based by their common ancestry

language subfamilies

smaller language family groups within a larger family

language groups

languages descended from a common ancestral language

toponyms

names for places derived from people, cultures, or langauges

religion

a value system created on the belief in a higher being or the spiritual/divine aspects of the world

faith

the belief in something spiritually, rather than with physical proof

fundamentalism

strict adherence to a set of beliefs

monotheistic

the belief in one god

polytheistic

the belief in many gods

ethnic religion

a religion associated with a particular ethnic group that is passed down through birth

atheist

does not believe in god(s)

secularist

somebody who wants to separate religion from other aspects of society (such as the government)

diaspora

the dispersion of people from their original homeland

how does trade influence diffusion?

as different people interact, their cultures spread

cultural divergence

people begin to abandon elements of their culture and take in elements of another culture

cultural convergence

the creation of one global culture

command economy

the government can control what is bought & sold and all of the details about these products

free market economy

the government has little to no control over the buying and selling of items/goods

denominations

branches of a religion that differ in the ways they follow specific practices or traditions of the original religion

theocracy

a state that is ruled by religious leaders or a state in which the church plays an important role in the government and the decisions they make

Christianity

- the world's largest religion that is also a universalizing religion
- based around the life of Jesus Christ
- monotheistic religion
- has three branches: Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox
- has been diffused through hierarchical diffusion, relocation diffusion, imperialism, colonialism, and expansion diffusion
- hearth is in the Eastern Mediterranean (Jerusalem)

the Bible

- the holy book of Christianity
- split into the Old and New Testaments

Jainism

- a religion that is based on non-materialism and the surpassing of the cycles of life and death
- considered an atheist religion because they do not believe in a god(s)

Islam

- the second largest religion in the world
- a universalizing religion
- monotheistic
- shares heritage with Judaism and Christianity (Eastern Mediterranean)
- it's hearth is in the Eastern Mediterranean (Mecca, Jerusalem, and Medina)
- Mecca is the holiest city of Islam
- split into Shiite and Sunni
- has been diffused through hierarchical diffusion, relocation diffusion/migration, war, trade, and expansion diffusion

Koran (Qur'an)

The holy book of Islam

Hajj

the fifth pillar of Islam, which is the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca

Shiite

- 1/2 main branches of Islam
- makes up 10-15% of the religion
- mainly in Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iran, and Iraq.

Sunni

- 1/2 main branches of Islam
- made up of 85-90% of all Muslims
- predominately in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia

Shari'ah Law (Islamic Law)

a religious law in Islam that does not recognize the separation between state and church

Mormonism

- hearth is in Utah
- universalizing religion
- sacred books are the Book of Mormon, the Old Testament, and the New Testament
- Mormons believe they are a denomination of Christianity. However, the Church does not recognize them as one. One of the main reasons for this is that Mormons do not believe in the Holy Trinity

Buddhism

- a universalizing religion
- based around the teachings of the Buddha
- hearth is based in South Asia
- do not believe in a god/deity
- has spread because the religion believes that anybody can reach salvation/Nirvana
- has also been spread through expansion and relocation diffusion

Tripitaka

Holy book of Buddhism

Sikhism

- a universalizing religion
- monotheistic
- hearth is based in South Asia
- does not believe in the Indian caste system. Instead believes that all people are created equal
- has a limited diffusion because the hearth is surrounded by two other major religions

Guru Granth Sahib

The holy book of Sikhism

Judaism

- one of the oldest religions in the world
- monotheistic
- an ethnic religion
- hearth is based in the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel/Jerusalem)
- has three main branches: Reform, Orthodox, and Conservative
- spread mainly through relocation diffusion

Torah/Hebrew Bible

the holy book of Judaism

Zoroastrianism

- one of the oldest, still practices religions
- believes that Zarathustra is the father of religion
- monotheistic

Hinduism

- polytheistic religion
- one of the oldest religions on Earth
- has three deities: Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu (along with other, lesser deities)
- ethnic religion
- hearth is in South Asia
- spread through stimulus diffusion and relocation diffusion

Vedas

the sacred text of Hinduism

reincarnation

belief that the soul is reborn after physical death

syncretic religion

a religion that combines two or more religious systems to create a new one. Also is a religion that incorporates traditions from unrelated beliefs into their own