Exam 2 Cogpsych study

Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Modal Model of Memory

A model of memory comprising three types: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory.

Sensory Memory

The initial, brief storage of sensory information.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A type of memory that holds information briefly, typically for 15-20 seconds without rehearsal.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Memory that has the potential to store information for an unlimited duration.

Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model

A model of working memory consisting of the Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Central Executive.

Episodic Buffer

An added component to Baddeley’s Working Memory Model that serves as a backup for memory communication.

Iconic Memory

Visual sensory memory that lasts less than 1 second.

Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory that lasts for a few seconds (3-4 seconds).

Chunking

The process of organizing items into meaningful units to enhance Short-Term Memory capacity.

Phonological Similarity Effect

The phenomenon where similar-sounding items are harder to remember in STM.

Primacy Effect

The improved recall of earliest items in a list due to long-term memory rehearsal.

Recency Effect

The improved recall of most recent items in a list, still active in short-term memory.

Tulving's Episodic Memory

Memory for personal experiences and events, characterized by context and 'mental time travel'.

Tulving's Semantic Memory

Memory for facts, knowledge, and concepts, devoid of specific contextual details.

Procedural Memory

A type of implicit memory involving skills and habits.

Semanticization of Remote Memories

The process by which episodic details fade over time and memories become more semantic in nature.

Patient HM

A patient who had impaired long-term memory but intact short-term memory, indicating separate memory systems.

Patient KF

A patient with impaired short-term memory but intact long-term memory, further demonstrating the separation of memory systems.

Explicit Memory

Memory that requires conscious recollection, including episodic and semantic memory.

Implicit Memory

Memory that influences behavior unconsciously, including procedural, priming, and classical conditioning.

Shallow Processing

Superficial processing of information, such as focusing on physical features.

Deep Processing

Meaningful processing of information, such as relating it to oneself or understanding it deeply.

Spacing Effect

The phenomenon where distributed practice (spaced study sessions) is more effective than massed practice (cramming).

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that assist in accessing stored information.

State-Dependent Learning

The improved recall of information when the state during retrieval matches the state during encoding.

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Enhanced memory performance when the cognitive processes used for retrieval match those used for encoding.

Retrograde Amnesia

The loss of memories formed before a trauma.

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to form new memories following a trauma.

Memory Fragility

The heightened vulnerability of memories immediately after encoding and during retrieval.

Reminiscence Bump

The enhanced memory for events occurring in adolescence and young adulthood due to self-image formation and cognitive changes.

Flashbulb Memories

Vivid, detailed recollections of emotionally significant events.

False Memories

Memories that have been distorted or fabricated, often arising from suggestive questioning or imagination inflation.

Eyewitness Testimony Corruption

The distortion of memory for an event due to misinformation, suggestive questioning, or source monitoring errors.

Cryptomnesia

Unconsciously recalling a forgotten memory and mistaking it for a new idea.