HG 1 Cells and Cell Division

Flashcards about Cells and Cell Division lecture notes.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that combine and work together to form multicellular organisms like humans, plants, and animals.

Prokaryotic Cells

Single-celled organisms that can survive on their own, such as bacteria.

Plasma Membrane

The outer membrane that holds everything together in a eukaryotic cell.

Cytoplasm

The liquid portion inside the cell where organelles float in a eukaryotic cell.

Nucleus

Contains the cell's DNA in a eukaryotic cell.

Integral Proteins

Span both layers of the plasma membrane and act as channels for larger molecules to enter or exit the cell.

Peripheral Proteins

Found on only one side of the cell membrane and are involved in cellular communication.

Carbohydrate Chains

Give a cell its specific identity.

Cystic Fibrosis

A disease caused by faulty integral proteins in the cell membrane, affecting chloride ion movement.

Cytoplasm

A thick solution filling each cell, mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins, which houses the cell's organelles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of channels and pockets in the cytoplasm, divided into rough and smooth types.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Has ribosomes attached to its surface and checks, folds, and sends off proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Doesn't have ribosomes attached and produces and stores fats and steroid hormones.

Ribosomes

Small structures responsible for making proteins, found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER.

Golgi Apparatus

Looks like a stack of pancakes and is responsible for receiving, packaging, and sending proteins to the correct locations.

Lysosomes

Tiny vesicles containing enzymes that clean up waste in the cell by breaking down proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and old organelles.

Mitochondria

Double-walled organelles responsible for energy production in the cell.

Nucleus

The largest organelle, enclosed by a double-layered membrane called the nuclear envelope, which contains pores for communication.

Nucleolus

A dense region within the nucleus responsible for making ribosomes.

Chromosomes

DNA within the nucleus is divided into 23 pairs.

Achondrogenesis

A group of disorders affecting cartilage and bone growth, characterized by small limbs and skeletal abnormalities, due to a mutation in a gene that helps create the Golgi apparatus.

Alzheimer's Disease

A disease where the Golgi apparatus within brain cells starts to fall apart.

Tay-Sachs Disease

A degenerative disease where babies regress in their skills due to a faulty protein in the lysosomes.

Mitosis and Meiosis

Two forms of cell division in eukaryotes.

Mitosis

Produces two identical cells.

Meiosis

Produces four genetically different cells and is used for producing gametes (sex cells).

Cell Cycle

Cells alternate between division and non-division, and the series of events from one division to the next is the cell cycle.

Interphase

Cells grow and perform their functions.

Mitosis

Cells actively divide.

Cytokinesis

Final division into two new cells.

G1 Phase

Occurs after cell division, where cells grow in size and replicate internal cellular components.

S Phase

DNA in the cell nucleus gets copied in preparation for cell division.

G2 Phase

Cells grow more and check the DNA to ensure it has been copied properly and mitochondria replicate.

Prophase

DNA condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

Spindle fibers separate the centromeres, and one copy of each chromosome is pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase

Chromosomes relax and unwind, spindle fibers break down, and a new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

The parent cell divides into two daughter cells during this final stage of the cell cycle.

G0 Phase

A phase outside the cell cycle where cells maintain their function but do not divide.

Progeria

A rare, progressive disorder characterized by rapid aging and a mutation in the gene for the nuclear membrane.

Werner Syndrome

A syndrome where symptoms appear in late teens/early 20s, causing rapid aging after puberty due to a mutation in a gene for DNA replication.

Diploid

Cells with two copies of each chromosome.

Haploid

Cells with one copy of each chromosome.

Somatic Cells

Cells unrelated to reproduction.

Gametes

Sex cells (eggs and sperm).

Recombination

The swapping of genetic material between chromosome copies, allowing for diversity in humans.

Chromosomal Crossover

Chromosomes tangle and swap DNA in multiple places, mixing genes inherited from both parents.

Genetics

The study of heredity, how traits and diseases are passed from generation to generation.

Genes

The basic structural and functional unit of genetics, providing instructions to make proteins.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, composed of single nucleotide units.

Polypeptide

A string of amino acids with each amino acid held to the next by a peptide bond.

Karyotype

The picture you get when the chromosomes are arranged in pairs.

Pedigree Analysis

Determining human inheritance patterns using family history.

Cytogenetics

The study of chromosome number and structure.

Population Genetics

Shows how things such as migration, natural selection, and population size can affect the transmission of traits.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and complex cellular architecture.

Cystic Fibrosis

A genetic disorder resulting from a change to a protein which forms a chlorine channel.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membrane channels and pockets within the cytoplasm.

Golgi Apparatus

Clusters of flattened membranes, looks a bit like a stack of pancakes.

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration and ATP (energy) production.

Nucleus

Largest organelle in the cell, enclosed by a double-layer membrane – nuclear envelope.

Golgi apparatus

Defective genes in this cellular component can lead to Achondrogenesis and Alzheimer’s Disease

Mitosis

Occurs in most cells of the body forming two new cells

Meiosis

Occurs only to produce gametes (eggs or sperm) forming 4 new cells

The cell cycle

The lifespan of the cell

G2 Stage

Mitochondria are replicated, DNA is checked and repaired before division, centrioles begin to form.

Anaphase

The centromeres divide, chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

Diploid cells

Two copies of each chromosome (2n)

Meiosis I

Prophase I: DNA condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes pair up and recombination can occur, centrioles go to either end of the cell and spindle forms

Meiosis: The end result

The random assortment of maternal & paternal chromosomes