IU Bio Quiz- Macromolecules

Saturated Fatty Acid

all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds

Non-saturated Fatty Acid

one or more double covalent hydrocarbon bonds

Carbohydrate food example

bread

Lipid food example

butter

Protein food example

chicken

Carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide

Lipid monomer

fatty acid

Carbohydrate polymer

polysaccharide

Lipid polymer

triglyceride

Protein polymer

amino acids peptide bonded (ex: dipeptide)

Nucleic Acid monomer

nucleotide

Nucleic Acid polymer

nucleic acid or polynucleotide

Why would an organism use carbohydrates?

quick energy

Why would an organism use lipids?

store energy, provide insulation, make up cell membranes, form water-repellent layers, and provide building blocks for hormones

Why would an organism use proteins?

acting as structural components, catalyzing biochemical reactions, transporting molecules, enabling immunity, regulating processes , and providing the building blocks for growth and repair of tissues.

Why would an organism use nucleic acids?

to store and transmit genetic information, direct the synthesis of proteins, and regulate cellular processes, ensuring the continuity of life and enabling growth, development, and cellular function

where do humans start digestion of carbohydrates?

mouth

where do humans start digestion of lipids?

small intestine

where do humans start digestion of proteins and nucleic acids?

stomach

Carbohydrate Ratio

1:2:1; C:H:O

Amino acids

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature.

R groups are NOT messed up in what form

freezing and boiled

Chemical Digestion

breaking down food with enzymes

mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

enzymes

act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

antibodies

protect against pathogens

membrane proteins

transport molecules across the membrane

receptor proteins

cell communications (respond to chemical stimuli)

structural proteins

help form cells and tissues

contractive and motor proteins

aid in movement

hormones

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another; not all hormones are proteins

storage proteins

store amino acids as a source for organism development