Philosophy and Logic Review

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to philosophy and logic, based on lecture notes.

Opinion

A belief or judgment that is not based on absolute certainty or proof.

Argument

A set of statements, including premises and a conclusion, that asserts a point of view.

Premise

A proposition upon which an argument is based.

Conclusion

The statement that follows logically from the premises in an argument.

Validity

The quality of an argument when its conclusion logically follows from its premises.

Soundness

An argument that is both valid and has all true premises.

Proposition

The meaning or thought expressed in a sentence, capable of being true or false.

Inference

The process of drawing a conclusion based on premises.

Connotation

The implied or suggested meaning of a word beyond its literal definition.

Metaphor

A figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another.

Syllogism

A form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions.

Categorical Proposition

A statement that asserts a relationship between categories.

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning that draws general conclusions based on specific evidence.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning that applies general principles to arrive at specific conclusions.

Modus Ponens

A form of argument that infers the consequent from the antecedent; if P then Q, P, thus Q.

Modus Tollens

A form of argument that infers the denial of the antecedent from the denial of the consequent.

Disjunctive Syllogism

A logical argument that deduces one condition from the negation of another.

Contradictory Terms

Two statements that cannot both be true at the same time.