Final BSC2085 Miami Dade College

Visual information from the eyes by travel from the __________ to the optic tracts.

Optic Nerve

Candy Sweets went to her dentist. He knew that she was studying A&P, so as he was probing her painful upper right 2nd molar he asked her which cranial nerve was responsible for her pain. Candy muttered:

the trigeminal

After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil becomes comatose. The blow probably caused damage to the:

reticular formation

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space by way of the:

lateral and median apertures

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

central

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are

III, IV, and VI.

What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain?

pia mater

The pons contains

A, B, and C

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the

mesencephalic aqueduct.

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of:

cerebellum

A neural cortex is found on the surface of the

A and C only

The dural sinuses are located in the

dural folds.

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

thalamus

Major centers concerned with autonomic control of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and digestive activities are located in the:

medulla oblongata

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the_________ lobe.

left frontal

Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to:

use scissors to cut out a picture

Candy's dog, Sugar's left eye won't track to the left. All of his other eye movements are normal. The problem is with which nerve?

abducens

Candy's boyfriend, Jorge, has damaged one of his cranial nerves. When the doctor noticed that Jorge's right shoulder drooped, he said 'I believe your problem is with the ________ nerve'.

accessory

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the

trigeminal

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

both the brain and the lateral grey horns of the spinal cord

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

dilation of the airways.

Muscarinic receptors

are normally activated by acetylcholine.

The parasympathetic nervous system arises from the ______________ area(s) of the spinal cord.

cranial and sacral

The first of two motor neurons in any autonomic pathway is called

preganglionic neuron

To say that most organs innervated by the ANS have 'dual innervation' means that:

the organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

The white ramus consists of:

pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers

Parasympathetic stimulation to the liver, stomach, and gall bladder is provided by fibers traveling with the:

vagus nerve

Terminal ganglia are part of the:

parasympathetic system

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."

parasympathetic

Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release the neurotransmitter _____________.

acetylcholine

Most of the parasympathetic fibers come from the:

vagus nerve

Splanchnic nerves:

run from the chain ganglia to the collateral ganglia

Dialation of the pupils is a __________________________ response

sympathetic

Nicotinic receptors

open chemically gated sodium ion channels.

Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers release the neurotransmitter _______________.

norepinephrine

Drugs that have effects similar to those of norepinephrine and epinephrine are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following symptoms would you NOT expect to observe in a person who has taken an excess of sympathomimetic drugs?

decreased blood pressure

Norepinephrine and epinephrine enter the bloodstream when sympathetic stimulation is provided to the:

adrenal medulla

During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs.

all of the above

There is/are _____ type(s) of cones and ____ type(s) of rods.

three, one

The optic disc is:

All choices are correct

The auditory ossicles consist of the

malleous, incus, and stapes

Olfactory nerve fibers

penetrate the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

Far-sightedness, or the inability to focus on objects near the eye, is also called:

hyperopia

The visual pigment found in all rods is:

rhodopsin

Olfactory nerves

adapt quickly to stimuli

Thermoreceptors

A, B, and C

The sensory cells responsible for hearing are located in the:

cochlea

The aqueous humor, produced by the ciliary body, is usually reabsorbed by veins in the:

canal of Schlemm

In the macula lutea are found:

only cones

Which of the following is not one of the special senses?

vibration

The general senses

involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure.

Which of the following statements about hearing and the inner ear is incorrect?

another name for the cochlear duct is the scala tympani

There is/are _____ cones per gangion cell(s), while there are _____ rod(s) per ganglion cell.

few, many

Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called

proprioceptors

The wall of the eye consists of ____ distinct layers.

three

The vestibule plays an important role in the sense of

balance

Which one of these cranial nerve(s) is associated with the sense of taste?

a and c

Tactile receptors composed of capsules that surround a core of collagen fibers intertwined with dendrites are called

Ruffini corpuscles.

Dr. Taylor bled into her left cerebral hemisphere. What is the function of the cerebrum?

conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, and conscious/subconscious control of skeletal muscle

Which embryological brain vesicle will form the cerebrum?

the telencephalon

Dr. Taylor experienced a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke. Why is stroke dangerous to neurons?

CVAs block the normal blood supply to the brain; neurons that are starved of oxygen and nutrients begin to die within minutes.

Dr. Taylor's CVA occurred in the left cerebral hemisphere, near her language center. If Dr. Taylor's CVA had occurred in the same region of the right cerebral hemisphere, what would have been different about her symptoms?

She would have had difficulty in visual and spatial analysis as well as possible difficulty in identifying familiar objects by touch, taste, and sight.

The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the

synaptic cleft.

A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a

neurotransmitter

When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,

they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,

ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

Which of the following is an example of a presynaptic cell?

a neuron

What separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells at a chemical synapse?

synaptic cleft

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium in synaptic activity?

Calcium influx into the synaptic terminal causes vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane and the release of neurotransmitter.

What is the role of neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse?

Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane.

What mechanism releases neurotransmitter from presynaptic neurons?

exocytosis

What type of channel in the postsynaptic membrane binds neurotransmitter?

a chemically gated channel

What is the primary role of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at a cholinergic synapse?

AChE degrades acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

Events that occur at a cholinergic synapse are listed here, but they are arranged in an incorrect order. Choose the correct order of these events below.

(a) Calcium influx triggers exocytosis of ACh.

(b) An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal.

(c) ACh is removed by AChE.

(d) ACh binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

b→ a→ d→ c

Poliomyelitis is caused by a virus that spreads easily in human populations. Most people with polio infections show no symptoms of disease. However, in a small percentage of victims, the virus enters the central nervous system and attacks the motor neurons of the spinal cord. Motor neurons are an example of what type or class of neuron?

a multipolar neuron that has two or more dendrites and a single axon

Certain details about Mr. Roosevelt's case call into question whether he really suffered from polio. The pathological features that Mr. Roosevelt experienced were much more characteristic of Guillain-Barré syndrome, an autoimmune disease that involves the demyelination of peripheral nerves. Which neuroglia cells form the myelin sheath of motor nerves?

Schwann cells

Myelin limits the movement of ions across the axon membrane, so the action potential "jumps" from node to node along the axon. This is an example of what type of propagation?

saltatory

Both poliomyelitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome can involve paralysis where control over skeletal muscle function is lost. What is the neurotransmitter that a motor neuron uses to communicate with a skeletal muscle?

acetylcholine

In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________.

presynaptic neuron

An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels?

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane.

chemically gated; postsynaptic

Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________.

either depolarize or hyperpolarize

The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned?

acetylcholine

When an olfactory receptor is stimulated, what type of change must happen before it signals the brain that a change has occurred?

The receptor must produce a generator potential.

Which of the following statements is true regarding gustatory receptors?

A taste receptor for salt chemicals acts differently from a taste receptor for sweet chemicals.

Why is there a synaptic delay in gustatory receptors that is not seen in olfactory receptors?

Gustatory receptors have a separate receptor cell and sensory neuron.